Biology journal report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biology journal report - Essay Example With Grey literature as the primary data source, the researchers found 104 genetic tests that are in development. 68% of these tests were found in LexisNexis and Cambridge Health Institutes (CHI) databases, 38% from 8 more Grey literature databases. 4% were obtained through alternative resources like opinion leaders interviews and national conferences. 76% of the total tests being developed were limited to only 5 of the ten most common cancers in terms of mortality. Most of these tests only appeared to be related to cancer diagnosis and management, but no clinical validity has been established yet. The authors of the article found LexisNexis and CHI databases as the most useful to their project. The authors discussed limitations of this research. The researchers relied highly on Grey literature where LexisNexis and CHI were the primary sources of cancer genomic tests in development (68%) (Chin, Wessler and Chew, Genetic Test for Cancer). In addition, three-quarters of the genomic cancer tests in development addressed in this article were for only 5 of the ten most dangerous cancers in deaths. There may be other tests in development present in other literature sources (other than Grey Literature databases) that may address more of the lethal cancers. Identification of such tests can be crucial as it will give hope that in the near future, a solution may be provided for at least the worst cancers in terms of lethality. Hence, more research in more sources is essential. The authors also appreciated that almost all of the cited developing genetic tests only appear to be related to management and cancer diagnosis as no clinical validity has been established yet. This implies tha t data analysis in this article may be misleading as it relies on assumption that those tests are linked to cancer diagnosis and management. This article shows that currently available tests for prevention and treatment of cancer are few. More cancer preventive genetic

The earth and its people chapter 17 Essay Example for Free

The earth and its people chapter 17 Essay 1. Why were death rates among Amerindians so high? P. 432 2. What was the most deadly of the epidemics in the Americas? P. 432 3. What (3) New World (Americas) foods revolutionized Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia) agriculture? P. 432 4. What did the horse do for the native peoples of the Americas? P. 433-4 5. What country occupied most of the Brazilian coast? P. 434 6. How did Amerindian people respond to the imposed Christianity? P. 434 7. What kind of powers did the highest-ranking Spanish officials in the colonies have? Why? P. 435 8. What regions were included in the Viceroy of Spain? P. 435 9. What was the primary agent by which European language and culture was transmitted to Brazil and Spanish America? P. 435 10. What was the richest institution in the Spanish colonies? P. 437 11. What commodities dominated the economic development of colonial Latin America? P. 437 12. What was the â€Å"mita†? p. 439 13. What did sugar plantations in Brazil depend on? P. 439 14. Why did sugar planters prefer African slaves to Amerindian slaves? P. 439 15. What were Hidalgos? P. 440 16. What forms did slave resistance take? P. 444 17. What was manumission and how did a slave achieve that? P. 444 18. What were castas? Give examples. 444-5 19. How were the governments and economic systems of English and French colonies different than those of the Spanish and Portuguese? Why? 445 20. Were the English successful in their first efforts to establish colonies in the Americas? Give an example. 445 21. How much of Jamestown’s population died within the first 15 years? Why? P. 446 22. How did the fur trade and hunting affect the Amerindian people? P. 446 23. What was indigo grown around Charleston used for? P. 447 24. What was the Stono Rebellion of 1739? P. 447 25. What are 3 ways that immigration to the Chesapeake differed from that of Massachusetts? P. 447 26. Merchants from what European nation first colonized Manhattan Island in 1624? P. 449 27. What did French settlements emphasize? P. 450 28. Who were the enemies of the Huron and Algonquin, who then became enemies of the French? P. 450 29. What were 3 things Jesuits did in an effort to convert native people to Christianity in French Canada? P. 450 30. What was the result, politically, of the French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War)? p. 452 31. What was the purpose of the English Navigation Acts? p. 454 Free Response Focus Questions: Answer these questions in a 5-7 sentence paragraph. In your own words. Do not simply copy from the book and memorize the response. Know it. Support your response with plenty of facts. Understand where events fall historically (global context, cause/effect, etc) 1. Considering the Columbian Exchange and colonization, what were the major impacts on the peoples of the Americas? 2. What role does religion play in European settlement of the Americas? Be specific as to Spanish, Portuguese, French, and British uses of Christianity as a tool of colonization. 3. The chapter describes several different types of forced labor practices. Describe each practice and explain why each one was preferred in different locations. Compare/Contrast: Write a well-developed thesis statement which clearly addresses similarities and differences. 4. Compare and contrast Latin American with North American colonies from 1530-1770.

Educational Goals and Philosophy Essay -- Education Teaching Teachers

Educational Goals and Philosophy Teaching has always been an honorable and valued profession. With teaching you instill the knowledge and values that the student will take with them throughout life. I have volunteered at the elementary school with my children and have enjoyed watching the encouragement and nurturing of these teachers towards their students. I felt that I have the ability to nurture and share in the wonderment of the knowledge that prevails around us. To achieve this goal I will strive to give these students the understanding, love, and confidence that they need to prepare them for their journey in life. I plan to teach special education. I believe that these children need more patience and understanding towards their academic goals. I have always had a warm spot in my heart for these children. Many of these children do not receive the positive attitude at home that they can succeed and meet challenges in their life. I want them to recognize their challenges and to raise their self-esteem, so that they can achieve every goal in life. I feel that these students have the potential and ability to gain the knowledge and to make a valuable impact on today’s society. It will be my job, as a teacher; to make sure that the correct technique is being demonstrated to ensure that these students reach their full potential. The main goal to any teaching technique is to give confidence to that student that he/she can do anything. There is no obstacl...

Essay Grading :: essays research papers

I was going through a bunch of old magazines and newspapers this week when I came upon an article about some software that was being developed for teachers to use that would grade essays. Over the past weekend I had the opportunity to talk to my aunt who was a teacher and college professor before she retired. She said, â€Å"there is nothing better to assess a student's knowledge of a subject, than an essay especially when compared to a true or false or multiple choice exams†. Unfortunately, grading essays is extremely time-consuming, and sometimes grading can be inconsistent. Now there is a computer program that can grade essays as well as humans according to its developer Thomas Landauer. "From sixth graders to first-year medical students, we get consistently good results," says Thomas Landauer, a psychology professor at the University of Colorado who has been working on the program for 10 years. The program, developed into its present form in 1997, uses "latent semantic analysis," a type of artificial intelligence based on complex mathematical formulas that attempt to mimic the human language function. Developed by Landauer, psychologist Peter Foltz of New Mexico State University and doctoral student Darrell Laham of Colorado, the program can't get bored, rushed, sleepy or forgetful. And this, Landauer says, gives it perfect consistency in grading. To grade text, operators feed the computer general information about the subject to be tested, which can include from 50,000 to 10 million words entered from course textbooks. The program then assigns a mathematical degree of similarity or distance between individual words used by the textbooks and other words in general use. This allows students to use different words that mean the same thing for example, "physician" and "doctor." The program then evaluates essays against sample tests that have already been graded by human instructors and professors. It then takes the combination of words in the student essay and computes its similarity to the combination of words in the essays to come up with a grade. The student can expect a grade similar to the one on the sample essay his work most closely matches. To achieve this, the software uses about a gigabyte of computer memory, or ten times that of the average home personal computer. My computer at home has 128 megabytes of R.A.M (random access memory) so my computer would need about eight times more R.A.M to run this program.

Obsessive love in Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay

In The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby is portrayed as a naive and heartbroken man who will do anything to revive his relationship with the love of his life; even if it means reliving the past. Gatsby is a victim to temptation, manipulation, society and obsessive love. However it is because of this obsessive and incessant love that the rest of his problems unfold. He is so blinded and determined to gain the approval of his former lover, he allows himself to be made a mockery by society. It is made clear that Gatsby moved to West Egg for the sole reason that the love of his life, Daisy Buchanan, lives with her husband Tom in a house within sight of Gatsbys mansion. I think he half expected her to wander into one of his parties, some nightbut she never did (Fitzgerald.4.84). As Daisys friend Jordan explains the situation to the narrator and Daisys cousin, Nick Carraway, she notes that although Gatsby threw countless parties that were no interest of him in hopes that Daisy would one day stumble in, she was clueless to how very close Jay Gatsby was to her. Gatsby lacked the courage to approach Daisy, even though he worked his life around his dream of seeing her again. Gatsby was referred to by the socialites as new money. Living in West Egg was less respectable then living in East Egg. The social structure was not of much concern to Gatsby and he paid little attention to etiquette or class. His obsession with Daisy took top priority, and while his intentions were sincere, Gatsby put himself in positions to be made a fool. My God, I believe the mans comingDoesnt he know she doesnt want him?(Fitzgerald.6.109). When invited by the Sloanes, a wealthy couple from East Egg, to eat dinner with them, Gatsby innocently accepts, not realizing it was merely a formality. His pure love for Daisy shows through in all aspects of his life, affecting his judgment and ability to see through those with less than genuine intentions. One of the main themes throughout The Great Gatsby is Gatsbys attempt to turn back time and relive what he had in the past with Daisy. Cant repeat the pastwhy of course you can!(Fitzgerald.6.116). It is clear that the relationship between Gatsby and Daisy remains only in the past, and it is  apparent to all but the two that their relationship ended many years ago. Since the five years they last saw each other, Daisy moved on with her life; although neither she nor Gatsby are willing to admit to it. Gatsbys love for Daisy affects every aspect of his life, and when he is finally able to reunite with her, it is hard to believe that nothing has changed in their relationship. Almost five years! There must have been momentswhen Daisy tumbled short of his dreamsbecause of the colossal vitality of his illusionNo amount of freshness can challenge what a man will store up in his ghostly heart(Fitzgerald.5.101). Nick cannot imagine that Daisy could possibly live up to the goddess-like vision Gatsby has stored up and embellished on for five years. However, once again blinded by love, he ignores Daisys flaws, and attempts to rekindle their former life. Gatsby is aware that Daisy is a very superficial woman and he knows the only way he could possibly have her love is through wealth and status. Gatsby turns to shady and possibly illegal means to attain the money that he knows will win Daisy over. His obsessive love is his chief vice that causes all his others. Her voice is full of money (Fitzgerald.7.127). Gatsby doesnt see Daisy as shallow or consider her a gold digger, he thinks it is he who must progress and become wealthy in order to satisfy her lavish lifestyle. After a confrontation with Daisys husband, Tom, Gatsby expects nothing less of Daisy than for her to tell Tom that she never loved him. He couldnt possibly leave Daisy until he knew what she was going to do. He was clutching at some last hope and I couldnt bear to shake him free (Fitzgerald.8.155). Gatsby refuses to give up his dream that Daisy will leave everything behind to live with him and start their life together. Until he hears it from Daisys mouth, and maybe even after that, Gatsby will always have faith that she will come back to him. Much of this false hope can be attributed to Daisy and her manipulation, which leads Gatsby to think that he may get his wish. Nick was forced to watch every encounter between Daisy and Gatsby, and witness Daisy lead Gatsby into thinking she would leave her husband for him.  Nick knows that nothing anyone can say could change how Gatsby feels about Daisy and stop him from trying to win her over. And he stood on those steps, concealing his incorruptible dream (Fitzgerald.8.162). Gatsbys intentions with Daisy were nothing but pure and his dream in life was for her to return his love that he liked to believe existed. Gatsby was aware that his friends used him and until Nick came along, there may not have been a soul who truly cared for him. He made a fool of himself in society, but he is not concerned in the least. Gatsby had a dream and nothing could deter him from achieving it. His obsessive love for Daisy caused many problems in his life, and eventually lead to his death. However, Gatsby would most likely take this punishment in return for the time he was finally able to spend with his one true love. Works Cited: Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. Macmillan Publishing Company. New York. 1992.

Congress Approval Ratings - Historic Job Approval Data

Congress Approval Ratings - Historic Job Approval Data The approval rating for Congress is abysmally low, and most Americans say they have almost zero faith it can solve our most important problems and view its leaders with severe contempt. But they  also keep re-electing the  same people to represent them in the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives  year after year. How can that be? How can an institution be more unpopular than Satan, feel pressure from Americans to set term limits for themselves  yet see 90 percent of its incumbents be re-elected?   Are voters confused? Fickle? Or just unpredictable? And why are approval ratings for Congress so low? Congress Approval Ratings Its no secret that Americans loathe Congress the institution. A majority of voters routinely tell pollsters they dont believe most members of the House and Senate deserve to  be re-elected.  Americans have held the nations legislative branch in low regard for years now, the public-opinion firm Gallup wrote in 2013.   In early 2014, the  portion of people who said the nations lawmakers should win re-election sunk to a low of 17 percent in Gallups survey.  The low approval rating  followed congressional inaction over spending limits and an inability to reach compromise on a number of issues or avoid the government shutdown of 2013. Gallups historical average of Americans supporting re-election for members of Congress is  39 percent.   And yet: Members of Congress have no trouble getting re-elected. Incumbents Are Safe Despite Congress historically abysmal approval ratings, well over 90 percent of House and Senate members who seek re-election win their races on average, according to data published from the Center for Responsive Politics in Washington, D.C. Few things in life are more predictable than the chances of an incumbent member of the U.S. House of Representatives winning reelection, writes the Center for Responsive Politics.  With wide name recognition, and usually an insurmountable advantage in campaign cash, House incumbents typically have little trouble holding onto their seats. The same goes for members of the Senate. Why Our Lawmakers Keep Getting Re-Elected There are several reasons lawmakers keep getting re-elected aside from their name recognition and typically well funded campaign coffers. One of the reasons is that its easier to dislike an institution than it is a person, especially when that person is one of your neighbors. Americans can loathe the inability of the House and Senate to reach agreement on things like the national debt. But they find it more difficult to hold their lawmaker solely responsible. The popular sentiment seems to be, as The Washington Posts Chris Cillizza  once put it,  Throw the bums out. But not my bum. Times Are Changing That sentiment - Congress stinks but my representative is OK - seems to be fading, however. Pollsters at Gallup found in early 2014, for example, that a record-low portion of voters, 46 percent, said their own representative deserved re-election. The enduring unpopularity of Congress appears to have seeped into the nations 435 congressional districts, Gallup wrote. While Congress as an institution is no stranger to voter disenchantment, American voters are usually more charitable in their assessments of their own representatives in the national legislature. But even this has fallen to a new trough. Congress Approval Ratings Through History Heres a look at the Gallups organizations numbers by year. The approval ratings shown here are from the public opinion surveys conducted the latest in each year listed. 2016: 18%2015: 13%2014: 16%2013: 12%2012: 18%2011: 11%2010: 13%2009: 25%2008: 20%2007: 22%2006: 21%2005: 29%2004: 41%2003: 43%2002: 50%2001: 72%2000: 56%1999: 37%1998: 42%1997: 39%1996: 34%1995: 30%1994: 23%1993: 24%1992: 18%1991: 40%1990: 26%1989: Not Available1988: 42%1987: 42%1986:  42%1985:  Not Available1984:  Not Available1983: 33%1982: 29%1981: 38%1980: 25%1979: 19%1978: 29%1977: 35%1976: 24%1975: 28%1974: 35%

Industrial Revolution †History Essay

Industrial Revolution – History Essay Free Online Research Papers The industrial revolution was a time that brought both prosperity for some and alteration to others through invention, merchandising and social class. Before the industrial revolution, about ninety percent of the population worked on farms collecting raw materials and selling their goods. As the need for faster production arose, people such as James Watt spawned new ideas for inventions. These inventions turned into reality and began causing problems for the working class in a struggle of poverty. Life before the Industrial Revolution Before the industrial revolution, people generally worked on farms in rural areas. Most of the people lived on the countryside in small towns and villages while â€Å"only ten percent of the people lived in urban cities† (Connolly 8).Those who did not, worked as craft workers and blacksmiths making things such as: cloth, hardware, jewelry, leather goods, silverware, and weapons. The farmers would sell their agriculture for these goods and vice versa. The rural people of this time â€Å"made most of their own clothing, furniture, and tools from raw materials produced on the farms or in forests† (Pounds, N.J.G 48). Farmers farmed using an ox and plow, much different from how they farmed during the revolution. Merchants called entrepreneurs exchanged raw materials for the finished product. Because of the fact that most people farmed as a means of life, malnutrition was a common problem. As a result, diseases were easily spread, and epidemics were regular. Little money was often saved in a family, as there was far to many risks taken in attempts to invest in various businesses. Farmers and the poor had almost no influence, or political power what so ever. Elections were rarely held and as a result, decisions were often made by other political, or authoritative figures, and powers. However, as the industrial revolution developed, the poor (as a majority) began to have a voice as well. Growth of the Industrial Revolution The main reason for the industrial revolution’s beginning was because of the large amounts of coal and iron (two important resources at the time) being found all over Britain and England. Britain became a stronghold for many colonies, which brought markets for both raw materials and manufactured products. Industries began to boom and because of the constant need for more iron as a part of production, furnaces that smelted iron had to be kept extremely hot at all times; coal provided a long lasting and intense heat. Iron and coal became more common as a raw material used for various uses like foundations, tools, and machines. Coal and Iron also brought new ideas for inventions. They were used in the creation of machines such as the steam engine, cotton gin, weaving machines, water wheels, steamboat, and the steam horse, which was used as â€Å"an agricultural machine launched in Lincolnshire, England, in the mid-1800s. The machine was an early form of the tractorà ¢â‚¬  (Pounds, N.J.G. 36). The cost to manufacture increased and so people sought out new ways to produce product faster as a means to produce more profit. After the use of such power sources as water wheels, and forms of transportation as, horse buggies, people demanded a faster and more convenient ways to travel. However, water wheels were not a sufficient means of portable power, and did not supply enough power to move larger objects. â€Å"Industries needed a cheap way to improve on means of transportation, for both marketing and travel purposes† (EH.net Online Encyclopedia). The result was the steam engine, which was a cheap, efficient, invention. A man named Thomas Savery created the first steam engine in 1698. In the 1720’s a man named Thomas Newcomen created and improved the engine, although his development caused the engine to have serious problems, mainly being wasteful of heat, using far too much fuel in doing so. However, it was James Watt in 1768 that began to build a superior engine. Watt knew were many problems occurred in previous engines. He realized that the main problem occurred in the cylinders because much of the heat created by burning coal or oil was lost in the condensing process. Watt discovered the idea to separate the cylinder (which burned the fuel source), and condenser (which condensed the energy into steam). His idea was called the â€Å"double-action principle† (Teachers First). By doing this, instead of wasting the heat in the cylinder during the condensing process, the condensation process took place away from the heat source allowing the cylinder to be turned off or unused when unneeded. Watt’s idea was a huge success and became the most advanced engine later used by the majority of companies and travelers. Life During the Industrial Revolution The working class had close relationships with their employers under the domestic system during the industrial revolution. The domestic system was a manufacturing system in which workers made products in their own homes with materials supplied by entrepreneurs. Such relationships were hard to come by in large factories because most employers hired mass numbers of people. Industrialists and the domestic system both had about twelve to fourteen hours of work per day six days a week. Differences were that industrialists worked in factories with machines that played a huge role during the revolution and forced the workers to work more efficiently without breaks. Industrialists kept wages low on purpose and as a result many people went on strike or rioted. Riots consisted of both unemployed and the employed and both the employer and employees were affected during the events. Workers involved in these events had to deal with police, loss of income, and were seen as criminals by the middle and upper class. â€Å"The strikes often led to violent and bloody clashes between police or military and workers† (Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia). The unemployed wanted revenge on their employers who they believed deprived them of their jobs. The employed protested their low wages and their horrible working conditions. Because of these riots, laws were passed that the destruction of some machines could result in death but these were ignored and riots still continued. â€Å"In 1842, a General Strike involving cotton workers and colliers and organised through the Chartist movement stopped production across Great Britain† (Wikipedia Online Enc yclopedia). Both women and children worked during the industrial revolution but were unskilled laborers and made only a small portion of what the average working man made. Children of the working class who worked were usually less than ten years of age and ended up being crippled or deformed from the unsafe machines such as the steam engine, weaving machines, and the steam horse. These children worked in coalmines, mills, factories and brick works, and chimney sweeps. Most, if not all of the working class, were desperately poor and could not read or write. Harsh overcrowding occurred and resulted in unsanitary conditions, which led to disease. Before the 1800’s workers weren’t permitted to vote and could do very minimal legally to improve their position. During the 1800’s, working and living conditions improved drastically. Parliament began to care for the middle and working class and repealed the law forbidding unions and passed laws to improve working conditions. A â€Å"reform act was passed in 1832† also known as the â€Å"parliamentary reform act†, allowed the middle class man to vote, and in â€Å"1867† another was passed known as the â€Å"Representation of the People Act† to allow the city workers and owners of small farms the privilege to vote (Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia). Conclusion The beginning of the revolution brought prosperity to the middle and upper class citizens. New inventions like the cotton gin, steam engine; steam horse, and the weaving machines were created by those of the working class such as James Watt and Eli Whitney and were sold to those who had money. The middle class consisted of professional and business people who gained political and educational benefits as the class itself grew in size. The development between classes began as the middle and upper class started to have a better lifestyle. They had a better chance of surviving than the working class because they had more sanitary housing, and better diets. During the industrial revolution â€Å"one invention led to another, so that there were lots of important changes in a short period of time. These inventions didnt make things a little different, they made them a lot different† (Teachers First). Research Papers on Industrial Revolution - History EssayQuebec and Canada19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of IndiaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionDefinition of Export QuotasBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Essay Sample on Happiness What Does It Mean for You

Essay Sample on Happiness What Does It Mean for You Have you ever questioned yourself whether you are happy of not? What does it mean to you? Happiness is a state of inside being of each person and comes from different sources depending on the desires and kind of personality. The scientists all over the world have done good deal of research, philosophers and writers have written thousands of books on this topic in order to describe this state. But the topic is still open to questions and discussions. This fact means that happiness is important and integral part of out life. During our existence, we as humankind created plenty of origins of happiness such as class, wealth, social position, family, level of intelligence and race. We also cherish and adore a huge variety of things and conditions that permanently bring happiness to us. Such as money, feelings, physical pleasures, relationships with others, sports, music, art cause happiness. The list is as endless as the list of our unpredicted and odd desires, as the list of personalities that exist in our modern globalized society. Imagine just one day from your life. How many bagatelles make you feel happy and vice versa? The felling of happiness is built on little things that are taken from our surrounding world, from our everyday life. And this condition greatly depends on a personality, his or her needs, wants, worldview and imagination. Each person is unique, what makes one happy may be absolutely hated by another. But as a rule we all strive to be happy. Ruut Veenhoven first conclusion is that happiness is not relative or dependent on a purely subjective outlook, as some theories posit. Indeed, happiness can be rather accurately predicted on the basis of the objective liveability of the society in which the individual lives, and on the basis of his or her personal profile.(Veenhoven 34) In general, happiness is an emotional state that people try to reach through the life. We study, look for a good and interesting job, marry, have kids to achieve needed state. But it is exceedingly important to know what makes us happy and what we need in this colorful and bright life. So to decide what to do and how to live is much easier. People are happy when they are in control, that is, when they feel competent to satisfy their needs and reach their goals (F. Heylighen) Sometimes people have to even struggle a lot in order to understand what happiness is like. And only through suffering and physiological pain they can realize what kind of feeling happiness is. â€Å"Pain now is part of the happiness later†. (Shadowlands)

Effects of the iPhone on the Americans Assignment

Effects of the iPhone on the Americans - Assignment Example In the words of Steve Jobs, he said, â€Å"Today we introduce three innovative products. The first is a widescreen iPod with touch controls. The second is a revolutionary phone and finally a breakthrough internet communication device (VoIP). An iPod, phone, this device will be called the iPhone. Apple will reinvent the phone.† (Seven Years Ago Today, Steve Jobs introduced the iPhone). Apple’s iPhone has reinvented mobile phone technology. iPhone is compatible to integrate with the modified Apple TV that allows for wireless connectivity to the screen. The iPhone offers the best email mobile messaging phone; it offers a full-screen browsing with a multi-touch screen. Any smartphone manufacturer may NIL the revolutionary and innovative screens and the technology with which it is made. iPhone possesses some of the best and amazing features and has easier user adaptability. The iPhone has a smooth, elegant metallic finish, which makes it long lasting and light. In addition, the software features are user-friendly, compatible with other Apple products such as the Mac, iPad and iMac and well-guarded against virus attacks. The iPhone has incorporated advanced technology; 3G enabled, high processing power thus increasing the speed, Wi-Fi support, high-resolution camera and Bluetooth technology (Boudreaux T., Programming the iPhone User Experience. O’Reilly, 2 009 Pp 10-11). People have adapted to the use of iPhone because they are guaranteed of the quality and technology that iPhone possesses. Its multi-functionality is only of the many features that have made people adore the phone. For the first time, consumers had the experience of mobile browsing as if it was web browsing, especially with the pinching and zooming experience. Their mobile safari was a distinct feature of the smartphones. iPhone has advanced innovations appellant to the clientele; use of oft-lost stylus, accelerometers and auto-correcting software keyboard (The iPhone turns Four: How it has Changed us, Jeffrey Sass).  

Adult Learning in Context - Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Adult Learning in Context - - Case Study Example I have an experience of working with adult learners when a CEO of a printing unit near my home requested my services for improving the communication abilities of their production workers. This unit was consisting of around 100 printing workers from different countries. Because of the diversity in workforce, this unit faced so many troubles in effective communication which affected their growth prospects immensely. Even though the workers were skilled ones, lack of understanding between them resulted in lack of coordination and subsequent production problems. The company CEO asked me to give the entire production staff week long training with respect to effective communication in a multicultural environment. The training session was arranged after the regular schedule of the works and lasted for two hours continuously for a week. This paper is written as a case study based on the experiences I received from adult learners of the week long training class I have taken for around 100 pro duction workers from different countries. CAEL, (n. d) has mentioned that adult students have unique needs like Academic and motivational advising supportive of their life and career goals and Recognition of previously obtained experience- and work-based learning (CAEL, n. d., p. iv). Most of the workers who attended the training were keen in seeking advices from me for their career goals. Unlike the normal students, adults showed no hesitancy in clearing their doubts. But most of their doubts were related to their career goals. They were eager to know about the possibilities of building a successful career with the help of improved communication abilities. Another important factor which attracted me was their enthusiasm in incorporating their past work based knowledge to the topics which I explained in the class. For example, when I explained that information communicated through nonverbal means are more than verbal means, most of them agreed with it. Some of them

Promotional Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Promotional Strategy - Essay Example In order to maximize sales volume and reach as many customers as possible, the company will aim to use more of a ‘pull’ promotional strategy (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2008), in tandem with the ‘push’ strategy which will be more subtle. The aim is to entice the end users to pull the EJ’s Innovation and More product from the manufacturer or the distributor into their homes. Sales promotion in the first phase of the campaign will be extensive but will be monitored closely. As this represents a cost that can be controlled, if the response of the customers is more than expected in certain cities or areas, sales promotions will be curtailed in those regions.  Pull Strategy With this strategy, the company is hoping to reach a massive audience, as has been defined previously. Strategies will include heavy television, radio, print, online and billboard advertising, especially in the major cities all over the U.S. The special features of EJ’s Innovations and More laptops and PCs such as touch-screen would be very creatively, yet simply, advertised to the customers. Special contests would be advertised online and in print which would allow every ten thousandth customer to get a lap top or PC with any five additional features of his choice. Similar tactics will continue throughout the campaign to attract new customers to the product. The company has plans to invest in trade advertising and incentives to encourage support businesses to push the new range of laptops

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Globalization - Essay Example The youth society exhibit the likelihood of being affected more by globalization because of the dynamic thinking that governs youth. Globalization has resulted to the formation of new youth cultures that were not perceived in the traditional setting. This paper will describe the effects of globalization on the emerging new cultures. Globalization serves to transform a society from a traditional setting to the level of a modern society. Culture determined the identity of many people in the traditional setting, as well as the kind of relationships developed by those people. However, globalization introduces new systems such as modern education, transport, and communication systems that have the potential of imparting change on the traditional communities. Evidently, the focus on the youth and the ways in which globalization transforms their lives reveal interesting patterns that can are of critical value in anthropological analysis. This paper will consider the emerging ideologies of i dentity exhibited by the by the youth, and how the marketing systems have focused on the youth as a target market for different products because of the modern consumerism patterns (Kjeldgaard and Askegaard, 2006). Globalization and globalization have altered the youth’s perception of the self. ... Globalization has presented the youth with an opportunity to experience this phase of life amidst a surging increase of media content. Many of these youths face the challenge of role models in from the older generations, and the increasing dynamics in the current trends serve to increase the uncertainty with which they approach life. The youth culture has plunged into a crisis of identity as globalization takes toll on societies. The cultural setting has affected the reception of the emerging trends, defining unique youth identities in each cultural unit (Kjeldgaard and Askegaard, 2006) Over time, the change in identity perception seems to be adopting an individualized manner, while in other cases; the change affects a certain cultural setting. Evidently, some youths have exhibited the capacity to define individual identity. In other cases, globalization motivates the youth of a certain culture to exhibit certain attributes in a collective manner. Globalization has given rise to incr eased media forms and a diverse range of media content targeting different people in any society (Alim, 2011). The media has been keen to supply the youth cultures with content that captures their attention. The media has altered the perception of identity among youth cultures because of its ever increasing influence. From different media forms, the youth become consumers of the new ideologies defining aspects such as dressing, and fun activities, factors that have affected self –perception and hence their identity (Kjeldgaard and Askegaard , 2006). There is evidence that the identity of youth cultures depends on the stage of post-colonial period that defines each society. The rate of modernization determines the extent of change of the ideologies that define

Time Warner Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Time Warner Case Study - Research Paper Example Such a situation may progressively lead to market monopoly. It is obvious that a monopolistic market environment may hurt the interests of buyers, suppliers, and new market entrants. Sometimes, mergers adversely affect the feasibility of integrated organizations also if the business becomes too large because of the merger. Under such circumstances, the merger process may cause the firms to incur higher unit costs. Similarly, often huge mergers result in employee termination, which in turn, would contribute to growing unemployment issues. In short, thoughtless mergers would threaten the economic uplift of the country and, therefore, government regulation is essential in a market economy. 2. It is observed that the US government has constantly intervened in the country’s market process over the last decade, especially after the 2008-09 global financial crisis. The US government identified that accounting fraud was the root cause behind a series of corporate failures in the count ry. Hence, nowadays the US government greatly intervenes in the country’s market process on the belief that those restrictions would put a check on illegal and unfair business practices. In addition, the US debt crisis also persuaded regulators to exercise more control over the country’s market process. ... As Perry and Dell (2010) pointed out, investigations discovered that the US bank collapses were partially attributable to inefficient government control over its market operations. Policymakers believe that government intervention in the market process would assist the country to overcome the impacts of debt crisis and, thereby, promote sustainable economic growth. 3. An organization or an industry would face some additional complexities if it needs to expand its business sector by means of capital projects rather than merger strategy. Acquisition strategy is an alternative to merger and this method demands huge amounts of money. If the Time Warner proceeds with the acquisition strategy, the firm would be forced to raise huge capital in order to acquire another firm. In addition, organizational change associated with the acquisition strategy may sometimes raise potential managerial challenges to the organization. New venture expansion is another strategy for self expansion and it req uires the firm to raise abundant potential sources of capital. In case of large venture projects, Time Warner alone cannot fund its operational requirements and, thus, the firm may be forced to depend on debt financing practices. However, such policies would adversely affect the financial viability of the firm and consequently threaten the long-term sustainability of the organization (Debt financing). Furthermore, other capital projects based on self-expansional strategies may raise a series of operational difficulties to the company while entering an overseas market. It has been identified that the level of uncertainty is higher under self-expansion strategies based on capital projects other than merger process. 4. When the industry is confronted with government

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Globalization - Essay Example The youth society exhibit the likelihood of being affected more by globalization because of the dynamic thinking that governs youth. Globalization has resulted to the formation of new youth cultures that were not perceived in the traditional setting. This paper will describe the effects of globalization on the emerging new cultures. Globalization serves to transform a society from a traditional setting to the level of a modern society. Culture determined the identity of many people in the traditional setting, as well as the kind of relationships developed by those people. However, globalization introduces new systems such as modern education, transport, and communication systems that have the potential of imparting change on the traditional communities. Evidently, the focus on the youth and the ways in which globalization transforms their lives reveal interesting patterns that can are of critical value in anthropological analysis. This paper will consider the emerging ideologies of i dentity exhibited by the by the youth, and how the marketing systems have focused on the youth as a target market for different products because of the modern consumerism patterns (Kjeldgaard and Askegaard, 2006). Globalization and globalization have altered the youth’s perception of the self. ... Globalization has presented the youth with an opportunity to experience this phase of life amidst a surging increase of media content. Many of these youths face the challenge of role models in from the older generations, and the increasing dynamics in the current trends serve to increase the uncertainty with which they approach life. The youth culture has plunged into a crisis of identity as globalization takes toll on societies. The cultural setting has affected the reception of the emerging trends, defining unique youth identities in each cultural unit (Kjeldgaard and Askegaard, 2006) Over time, the change in identity perception seems to be adopting an individualized manner, while in other cases; the change affects a certain cultural setting. Evidently, some youths have exhibited the capacity to define individual identity. In other cases, globalization motivates the youth of a certain culture to exhibit certain attributes in a collective manner. Globalization has given rise to incr eased media forms and a diverse range of media content targeting different people in any society (Alim, 2011). The media has been keen to supply the youth cultures with content that captures their attention. The media has altered the perception of identity among youth cultures because of its ever increasing influence. From different media forms, the youth become consumers of the new ideologies defining aspects such as dressing, and fun activities, factors that have affected self –perception and hence their identity (Kjeldgaard and Askegaard , 2006). There is evidence that the identity of youth cultures depends on the stage of post-colonial period that defines each society. The rate of modernization determines the extent of change of the ideologies that define

Build Your computer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Build Your computer - Assignment Example A faster processor augments the effectiveness and performance of the applications and operations. Chosen memory will synchronize at the MHz speed as enforced by the processor and chipset. Dual channel memory needs memory models to be assembled in pairs of matched speed, sizes, and technology. A computer system with a 64-bit OS such as Windows ® 7 can manage larger amounts of data than a 32-bit system. The above points make dell computers reliable and effective (DELL 1-2). The other reason I chose Dell is due to customer services offered. Dell ProSupport provides 90% customer satisfactions. The customers are provided with after sale services and also online assistance incase of any difficulties. The accessories have warranties thus attract customers. The cost of buying assorted components and building a dell computer is cheaper. Dell Company provides customers with the option of buying a new computer or builds a dell

Homeless And Public Policy Essay Example for Free

Homeless And Public Policy Essay Homeless   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any types of society, be it large or small scale, numerous problems can be experienced by the social elements building the public unit. In the case of Lakeland, Florida, there are now a great number of homeless individuals because of certain social and economic conditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Primarily, the main losers in this social problem are the individuals who are homeless. The homeless people tend to be the losers since they will not have much opportunity to improve their lives in the absence of a home. People in the neighborhood can also become the losers since some of them feel anxious about their security in the presence of homeless people in the streets of their community. In a positive perspective, the homeless people can also be considered as the primary gainers. These individuals in Lakeland can expect to have a warm compassionate reaction from its neighborhoods (Inside Lakeland, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is a significant direct cost of having homeless people lurking in Lakeland. For one, damage to private and public properties may be involved in the complete manipulation by homeless individuals of the current infrastructure where they want to dwell in. Another is the possibility of garbage amount increase in the area because of improper disposal processes. The indirect cost on the other hand can be realized in the form of lesser external investments due to the visual and probably perceptive impression of investors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The primary attributed factor which brings homelessness rates in Lakeland relatively high is somehow pointed out to personal concerns of individuals.   Alcoholism, drug use, mental health issues and unemployment are among the top issues. Thus, not being able to resolve these problems leads to homeless situations for people with such dilemmas in life.   References Inside Lakeland PD. 2007. Policing the Homeless in Lakeland. Retrieved November 29, 2007 from http://www.insidelakelandpd.org/2007/06/policing_the_ho.html.

Nestle Was Founded In 1866 Management Essay

Nestle Was Founded In 1866 Management Essay Nestle was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestle and has become the worlds biggest food and beverage company by now. Nestle employs around 250,000 people from more than 70 countries and possess operation centres in almost every country in the world. Nestle is one the world largest food producer in the global platform with the success of highly product innovations and business acquisitions. Nestle has diversifying its product line into various type and expanded its market share within the world since years ago. Although there are a huge number of products need to be produce by Nestle but the quality of the products are always the priority of Nestle to renowned throughout the world. The existing products of Nestle are growing through high level of innovation and renovations while maintaining a balance of geographic activities and product lines. The short term performance is the crucial element to fulfil the long term plan of the company in future. The Companys priority is to bring the best a nd most relevant products to people, wherever they are, whatever their needs, throughout their lives. Nestle, a caring company that has produce different taste for each country in the world to fit with the local culture and needs. Nestle is a company that operates with decentralization style. For an example, each operation country is responsible for the efficient running of its business, which including the training of the staffs. The company vision focus on making good food central to enjoy a good and healthy life for consumers all over the world. This implies that Nestle is gaining a deeper understanding in many areas of nutrition and food researches and transforming the scientific advances into applications. By having a broad vision, the company is doing its best for their consumers to show the great sense of responsibility. Everybody knows an operation of a company is frequently come with the conflict and negotiation in workplace. The conflict can be improves the responsiveness to external environment and increase team cohesion. Conflict will be arising even in our daily lives and being experienced since we were a kid. Emotions arising when there is disagreement occurred. When the level of conflict has lifted, it might lead to severe agency problems. Different people will have differed perceptions towards any single issue such as the methods to resolve any kind of problems. Conflict is an unavoidable issue within the business environment due to it relates directly to communication and hierarchy matters. Thus, in this assignment we going to discuss and learning from the topic of Conflict issue of Nestle (Malaysia). Methods used to collect the information. Accurate and thorough use of course concepts in OB relates to the issues.( 5 marks) They are two category of methodology that we required to adopt in this assignment, which are primary and secondary. After much consideration, we choose to use the questionnaire method as primary method to investigate inter-organization conflict. Due to the interview drawbacks, it can be very time-consuming such as setting up, interviewing; transcribing, analysing, feedback, reporting, somehow and it also can be very costly to student like us. Besides thats, different interviewee may have different understand and transcribe interview in different ways. In contrary, the questionnaire isa most economicoffer in terms of expenses and time involved. By using questionnaires, the potential information can be collected from a large portion of a group. Therefore, the yield data more comparable than information obtained through an interview. In the tip to toe questionnaire research, we useda week to done the research from distribute questionnaire questions to collect the employees respond and process the frequency from the outcome. In seven days, we allocate three day in select and distribute those question, another three day for collecting the employees responded the questionnaire, while for the last day to process the frequency from the outcome. The main emphasis here is on the communication conflicts, which cover all the three levels of the companys hierarchy. From the head, top management followed by the middle management and at the bottom part is employees who below the manager level. There were several types of questionnaires were designed for each level, therefore the questionnaires distributed at the top were least and maximum at the lower level Results from Questionnaire Variables Frequency From management (10 person) More than the desired output of the employees make can be harmful to the organization? Yes 09 No 01 There is a free flow of communication among the employees Yes 10 No 00 Employees are properly informed about decision taken? Yes 07 No 03 There is a consistency among the management policies Yes 08 No 02 From employees(20 person) From how long have you been working in the organization? 6 months 04 1 year 02 3 years 10 Or more than 3 years 04 What kind of boss do you like to work with? A competent but difficult boss 13 A lenient but incompetent boss 07 Which type of leaderships style do you like the most? Autocratic 18 Democratic 02 How your management does is doing the evaluating among the employees? Performance base 18 Merit base 02 Preference to work with: Friendly but incompetent colleague 09 Difficult but competent colleague 11 Receiving assignments with proper resources to execute Yes 15 No 05 Favouring the dress code? Yes 20 No 00 Employees are properly informed about decisions taken Yes 10 No 10 There is a free flow of communication among the employees Yes 18 No 02 Employees usually face communication problems with: Top management 04 Manager 16 Who should be blamed Top management 04 Manager 16 More organisational hierarchic conflicts are faced by Top 05 Middle (manager) 15 Lower 00 Level which should be held responsible for that? Top 06 Middle (manager) 14 Lower 00 As for secondary method, we are required to look into several journals and reading materials. In the internet, it provides us thousands of links and website to search for conflict and negotiation management. By apply the theory and practical model from the journal that we selected, we able to plant it into the recommendation part of this assignment. Integration of course concepts with information about the company (15 marks) A basic existential of a company is continuously improving and gain growth together with its employees in the long run view. However, conflicts will be arising to achieve such a desirable outcome. In this section, our team try to locate the conflict and negotiation issue happening in Nestle, and consolidate with the academic part in order to explain how the organization practise in reality situation. By referring to Nestle, there are a few issues that have evoked huge conflicts and resolutions were given to overcome them. The sources of conflict based on the issues that we had discover included differentiation, incompatible goals and communication problem. Issue no.1 Nestle vision and mission stated that, the company want to be a leading, competitive, nutrition, health and wellness company. Thus, milk powder formula has been launched and the main purpose for this product is to let the mothers become even more convenience and able to give their infant with better nutrition formula. The third world mothers hungered for westernization and feed their infant with the milk powder formula. Due to the limited knowledge of the third world mothers do not realize that over-diluted will caused the infants suffered from malnutrition. The infant formula conflict began in December 1970 and turns even worse in the year of 1973. The reason that this issue being arise is due to Nestle accused of getting third world mothers to adapt on the infant milk formula, which consisting less nutrition fact than breast milk. Begin from July 1977 a severe boycott event is held by the public towards Nestle. In January 1981, Nestle has established Nestle Coordination Centre for Nutrition.Inc (NCCN) to reduce the risk of misuse the infant milk formula and the protesters who boycott Nestle. NCCN has gathered all the relevant information from the critics to establish strategies. NCCN has communicated and disseminate the product information to the third world mothers on behalf of Nestle for solving the infant formula conflict. In this issue, we can categorize this conflict into the differentiation as one structural sources of conflict. In such case, Nestle try to promote their product into third world country to enrich their market niche in the same time helping the woman there obtain the benefits from milk powder. From the relevant article shown, Nestle adopt avoiding as conflict handling contingencies at the initial stage of boycott activities. Nestle did not observe issue that is going on around them, they didnt check the initial forum, journals, magazines, and other common news media, in the sense that they didnt handle the issue properly and it means they have used the wrong tactics to handle the problem in early phase. Since thats the case, the avoiding approach had caused the boycott adjacent (frustration) to Nestle had started on 4th July 1977. After the failure in combat the infant issue at 1970s, Nestle finally establish the NCCN, which mean they start to create and claim the value back from publ ics. By managing the information, Nestle successfully resolve the conflict by understand the activists needs, and win back the confidence from public by work together with the group of social auditors to help them improve their weaknesses. Issue no 2. Palm oil is one of the main raw materials to let Nestle to satisfy its productions need and produce the final goods to fulfil the needs of the Nestle products consumers. Due to the scarcity of palm oil and high demanding from its production, the consumption of Nestle has doubled since the last few years. Conflict was arising that Nestle needs a huge number of palm oil to produce its products, however to obtain such a large number of palm oil had endanger the natural environment due to the main supplier (Sinar Mas) led to a vast majority deforestation. In order to fulfil the needs of Nestle, Sinar Mas conducted a huge deforestation event and caused massive pollution. In this case, Greenpeace (a non-government environmental organization) has interfered in this issue and condemned Nestle that encourage the unhealthy trend growth for obtaining the palm oil. Indirectly, Nestle has caused such a huge destructive event that executed by Sinar Mas. This has impacted on the rain forest and nat ural habitat of orang utans and further extinction. Since the unfavourable business practice of Sinar Mas has been disclosed at the early 2010, Nestle has stopped the palm oil purchasing contract with Sinar Mas and decided to co-operate with Cargill, one of the largest palm oil suppliers in the world. In another hand, Nestle has also created: The Nestle Supplier Code (TNSC) and being implemented since August 2010. Under TNSC, Nestle reflects the suppliers need to be full compliance with applicable laws and possess high level senses of responsibility towards the entire stakeholders. In this case there are two serious issues arouse, which are the attitude of Nestle public relationship toward social network and their intention on deforestation decision making. A Kit-Kat sarcastic video clip was released on Youtube which focus on the content of palm oil and deforestation issues that launched by Greenpeace. Nestle social media team was fighting back by chasing the video clip all over the internet and tried to cover all the unfavourable relevant information off from the internet. Nestle also taking action by removed the video clip from Youtube, however the video clip has reposted in another social media platform named, Vimeo. Besides, Greenpeace uses twitter to talk about the censorship attempt by Nestle. The video clip has caused a huge impact towards Nestle, thousands of anti-nestle discussions were removed from the Nestles facebook page. Nestles facebook responds team was responding to those criticism posts and comments by threatening to delete comments. The way of respond by the Nestle social media team has led to further issue. Nestle representative has apologized for the incidents happened in the Nestle facebook wall. But, the image of Nestle has been affected and the stock price was dropped after these incidents happened. In this case, the incompatible goals between Greenpeace and the forest destruction parties had arouse the relationship conflict. Once the conflicts break out, Nestle adopted two different approaches in two different nature issues. In deforestation, Nestle at the very early stage escape from the public eye, try to dodge the column. Until they cant take it off from the public pressure, Nestle then start to compromise to the interest group by distance themselves with Sinar Mas, and subsequently establish a supplier code of ethic in order to prevent similar mistake happen again. However, in social media, Nestle had shown bad public relation to the world, which they uphold high assertiveness while low cooperativeness. Thus, they remove all of the critical comments at the official Facebook page which we think this behaviour completely indicates they have deep conviction about their position. Besides that, by removing the comments also consider as a quick resolution to ease the issue. However, these unwise decision lead to an official apologize from Nestle to public. In the end, the public relation week reported that Nestle was looking to hire a new agency to help with its image online.   Questionnaire analysis The following is a depth analysis of the responses from the management and employees: Communication problem is the third source of the conflict and it is mostly within the inter-organizational level. Employees attitudes, behaviour, individual biases, ethnics discrimination and improper channel to communication may lead to a huge and unavoidable conflict. One of the Nestle employees reveals that, the selection biases of a manager may lead conflict within the company. For an example, if a human resources manager who possessed selection bias interferes in the process recruiting the new employees, the manager might select his or her preference candidates for the job vacancy.   Based on the questionnaire result that we have been distributed to the Nestle Malaysia, bad attitude of the manager may lead to escalate conflict level into a worse stage. Great majority of the employees preferred to work for a cooperative competent boss and also the colleagues. Employees were in fully support for the dress code in the research but the managers statements were totally contrary to that of employees. Maximum number of managers and employees come to consensus that free flow of communication among the employees which is a good sign to two ways communication. There are big number of respondents blamed the manager for hierarchic whether vertical or horizontal, the manager is a key factor and he should be perfect in dealing to all grounds or else, the conflict would emerge of all type. On the other hand, issues of authority and responsibility balance could be further if the manager takes big decisions such as jobs confirmation and salary decisions then, there may be conflicts, and we suggest these decisions must be taken by the top management (directors) in order to reduce the unnecessary conflict. The manager of NESTLE also raised the point of communications problem. They believe that the every information must be communicated from their tables. If in any case any employee bypasses the manger, there may be a conflict arose between them too. Usually, the organizations do have coordinators who are directly answerable to the top management. These coordinators hold responsibility to look at both side and try to look into the factor and solution of inter-organization conflict. Some of the employees reveal that bad attitude of the manager and arrogant nature of the boss could also become one reason of conflicts. They prefer to work with an effective but highly cooperati ve person rather than an efficient but uncooperative one. Extent to which recommendations are consistent with analysis. (5 marks) Training From the questionnaire, the first thing which found, was the insufficient of coaching given to the employees, managers comment that, in an organization employees always have to work together in groups, and if someone feels that he or she unable to co-operate within the group, then there is some trouble lies with particular employee. However at the same time managers said that it is also the organizations responsibility to teach and educate the employees how to work together in groups through proper training. This is a serious topic in order to generate a good working environment in company while each people are concentrating on different task. We found that, without the existence of training, the organizations might face serious types of irresolvable conflicts, which are definitely not fruitful to the organization. To avoid unnecessary conflict took place in the workplace, every staffs and management must participate in organization programming to realize and overcome of conflict sources. Organization could implement conflict management training to all staff members who wished to involve into the training. The objectives of this training are make the participants can gain a clearer understanding of how to deal with conflict and utilized it for maximum opportunity. Participator may able to recognize the various stages of conflict and avoid it from escalating. After completing the program, they could identify their own preferred conflict resolution style and utilized several of ways for managing conflict successfully. However, participator will learn the techniques in handling emotions issue, it bring more productive relationships with each others. Organization can implement Six Steps of the Collaborative Model to strengthen conflict management training program. For instance: Step 1-  Define the problem in terms of needs not solutions Define a problem in terms of conflicting needs but not conflict the solutions. Besides, it is needed for each member to understanding the problem, so that energy will be focused in the same way. Step 2  -Brainstorm possible solutions Barnstorming can define as a quick provide and listing of solution without any clarification and without evaluate of the merits. It must be creative while generate a possible solutions. Step 3  -Select the solution (or combination of solutions) that will best meet both parties needs. Both party should be active listening and genuinely consider the other persons preferences. Make sure both of the parties understand the solution. Step 4-  Planning (who will do what, where, and by when) When both individuals close to a decision, may write down all the details and understand the solution that they made. Step 5-  Implement the plan Immediately after a solution had decided, decide who will do what and when. Carry out respective part of the plan as soon as possible and trust the other to do their part. Step 6-  Evaluate the process and the outcomes After the problem solving session, step back from it for a moment and check that both parties are happy with the process. All decisions are open to modification or repeal, but not unilaterally. Stereotypical problem Besides from the training within organization, there are also problem such as stereotypical idea planted in office and workplace. This empirical study derived from certain factors regarding the employee self thinking especially experienced workers they keep retain their close mind and not willing step out to recognize the new and young blood. In such case, the younger workforces tend to received reproach and stress given from experienced workers. This situation will bring a big impact in company long term developing and operation. To prevent and neutral this issue to be more benefit to company, company implement several types of solution to solve the problem. First thing first, Company could work with local colleges to teach young people how to act and what will be expected of them in the workplace. Hereby, company able to provide an opportunity to senior employee to share their experience to the potential younger worker. Thru this program, the young blood may obtain some lecture and empirical talk before they venture into the company. Secondly, company can organize some interaction event to pull close both parties relationship. It could improve the relationships and tend to consensus employees mindset and goal. By having such seminar, it is aim to encourage the experience workers to develop an open-minded to young worker. In addition, senior worker ought to act as a mentor whom always guides the younger worker to make them feel comfortable in workplace. Undisputable, Nestle had committed very serious mistake in handling the issue towards their external stakeholders. From the case mentioned above, Nestle ought to uphold the value which act and response immediately to the outbreak of dissatisfaction from public. We would like to suggest Nestle should develop a principle that able to response quickly to social issue. The main reason to impute to Nestle had adopted the same tactic, which is drag and try to run away from the responsibility. Despite both incident was happened in different time (1970s and 2010s), the Nestle company still no getting improvement in handling consumer complain instead become worse in the public relation skill. In this part, we suggest Nestle to review the public relation system and operation, in order to eliminate the old way doing it, and develop a better and efficient mechanism. Conclusion After we done all the research and studied the issue of the conflict in Nestle (Malaysia) , we have the conclusions that workplace conflicts  is itself not a problem, but it is a serious symptom of some factors that are usually ignored when designing the organizational structures. From the issues mentioned, structural sources of conflict such as incompatible goal, scarce resources and communicate problems are identified that usually are the root cause of the conflicts, which is ethnicity, personal jealousy, arrogant behaviours and communications problem. We also find out the consequence of unresolved conflict may affect job satisfaction, employee loyalty, and stakeholders interest in any given organization. Superior should mediate a conflict by using the right method. Conflict may affect employees commitment and activist attention through the organization and increase the rate of absenteeism in workplace and reputation destruct. Several ways to deal with conflict, such as avoiding, compromising, collaborating, accommodating and yielding come into picture. Different styles of conflict management have its benefits and weaknesses, users have to identify the most appropriate conflict styles based on the different situation they are in. By following the conflict resolution procedure, conflicts will be solved easily. In conclude, having conflict is not a bad appearance in company, the main reason which is the conflicts serve as a learning curve for all organizations. In this era, a company without conflict and negotiation, it will hardly to improve. Superior and subordinates should learn to resolve the conflicts that occur instead of just avoiding that conflict. Employees should learn and practice the various methods of conflict resolution. Superior and subordinates should start solving conflicts as it is the only way to ensure that conflicts are handled better in the future.

The Death Penalty is Wrong Essay -- essays research papers fc

The death penalty is absolutely outrageous. There is no real reason that the government should feel that it has the right to execute people. Capital punishment is murder just as much as the people being executed murdered. The is no need for the death penalty and it needs to be abolished. It goes against the Constitution which states that there will be no cruel and unusual punishment. There is nothing crueler than killing a person. A perfect example of the death penalty going awry is the state of Illinois. Former governor George Ryan has put a stay on all executions. This came as a result of finding thirteen death row inmates not guilty of their convicted crimes. Also, by staying executions, Illinois is not spending the three hundred million dollars to almost three hundred men and women to death row in the past twenty two years (Ryan 14). That is a ridiculous amount of money to send only three hundred to death row, making it approximately one million dollars a person. Those people make up only two percent of all convicted murders in Illinois (Ryan 14). This leaves ninety eight percent of killers in jail. Why are only three hundred people acceptable to kill when the other ninety eight percent are not? In New York as well, prosecutors have only sought capital punishment in twelve out of one hundred ninety eight possible cases. They have found that the penalty of life without the chance of parole works well, and have come to prefer it (Shipp). Without the philosophy of life without parole, inmates who are tried for the death penalty are tried unfairly. In the year 2000 in Illinois, eight out of ten inmates sentenced to capital punishment were minorities (Mendieta). â€Å"Minority inmates constitute 83% of those who have thus far been shown to be wrongfully convicted.† One study has shown that people who murdered white people were found more likely to be sentenced to death than people who have murdered African Americans (The Death Penalty is Wrong. Dead Wrong). â€Å"Between 1930 and 1990, 4,016 persons were executed in the United States. Of these, 2,129(or 53 percent) were black† (Bedau). But race is still not the only discrimination. â€Å"During the 1980s and aerially 1990s, only about 1 percent of all those on death row were women, even though women commit about 15 percent of all cri... ...s even more wrong to kill those people instead of forcing them to live day after day in a tiny cell to think about, and hopefully, feel remorseful about killing. Ending the lives of these criminals is letting them have the easy way out, which is certainly not what they deserve at all. The government needs to imprison these criminals because there is always a possibility that the person convicted is not guilty and if they were killed the government could do nothing at all to console those poor families of the wrong victim. Works Cited Bedau, Hugo Adam. â€Å"The Case Against the Death Penalty.† July 1992. ACLU Free Reading Room. 14 May 2003. . Mandieta, Ana. â€Å"Death Penalty Still Unfair, Report Says.† Chicago Tribune. 31 Jan 2001. Ryan, Bill. "Abolish the Death Penalty." Chicago Tribune. 05 Jan 2001: 14. "Second Judge Rules Against Death Penalty." Christian Century. 09 Oct 2002: 15. Shipp, E.R. "Justice's Doubts Bolster Case Against Death Penalty." Daily News. 10 July 2001. Willing, Richard. "Fight Against Death Penalty Gains Ground." USA Today. 11 Feb 2002: 3a. The Death Penalty is Wrong. Dead Wrong. 01 Aug 1999. 14 May 2003 .

Modern Man Has Become Enslaved by Time :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Modern Man Has Become Enslaved by Time In no characteristic is existing society in the West so sharply distinguished from the earlier societies, whether of Europe or the East, than in its conception of time. To the ancient Chinese or Greek, to the Arab herdsman or Mexican peon of today, time is represented by the cyclic processes of nature, the alternation of day and night, the passage from season to season. The nomads and farmers measured and still measure their day from sunrise to sunset, and their year in terms of seedtime and harvest, of the falling leaf and the ice thawing on the lakes and rivers. The farmer worked according to the elements, the craftsman for as long as he felt it necessary to perfect his product. Time was seen as a process of natural change, and men were not concerned in its exact measurement. For this reason civilizations highly developed in other respects had the most primitive means of measuring time: the hour glass with its trickling sand or dripping water, the sun dial, useless on a dull day, and the candle or lamp whose unburnt remnant of oil or wax indicated the hours. All these devices were approximate and inexact, and were often rendered unreliable by the weather or the personal laziness of the tender. Nowhere in the ancient or mediaeval world were more than a tiny minority of men concerned with time in the terms of mathematical exactitude. Modern, western man, however, lives in a world that runs according to the mechanical and mathematical symbols of clock time. The clock dictates his movements and inhibits his actions. The clock turns time from a process of nature into a commodity that can be measured and bought and sold like soap or sultanas. And because, without some means of exact time keeping, industrial capitalism could never have developed and could not continue to exploit the workers, the clock represents an element of mechanical tyranny in the lives of modern men more potent than any individual exploiter or than any other machine. It is therefore valuable to trace the historical process by which the clock influenced the social development of modern European civilization. It is a frequent circumstance of history that a culture or civilization develops the device that will later be used for its destruction.

Adjusting Accounting Entries Essay

I have been asked by my supervisor to mentor a new accounting clerk in my department, I am hoping that when I’m done mentoring this person that they will understand accounting better. I am also hoping that my supervisor will be proud of me, and continue asking me to mentor new people, and hopefully give me a raise or a promotion. To better understand accounting we need to know why adjusting entries are so important to a business. Adjusting journal entries are made at the end of each closing period to adjust the account balances. Most of the time, this is necessary in order to achieve a clean cut-off at the end of the accounting period, and to ensure the accounts are complete, and accurate. Current account balances may not represent correct balances, because some mistakes were identified in the posting of transactions, and/or the accounting records are not updated to reflect new transactions or amount changes in previous transactions. Examples would include amounts that were posted to the wrong accounts, and timing differences in recognizing revenues and expenses between the accrual and the cash basis of accounting. (Adjusting JE, 2010) Adjusting entries can be either temporary or permanent. If the entry is temporary at some point the adjusting entry will be reversed or another adjusting entry will be made to the account. See more: Is the Importance of being earnest a satirical play essay I will know explain the four types of adjusting entries ,as well as give an example of each entry from the manufacturing industry. Accrued revenues (also called accrued assets) are revenues already earned but not yet paid by the customer or posted to the general ledger. An example of accrued revenue would be for a custom ordered machine that has been shipped FOB shipping point on the day the accounts receivable module is closed and the approval to bill the customer has not been received by the billing clerk. An adjusting entry would be recorded to recognize the revenue in the correct period. This entry will reverse when the customer is appropriately invoiced. * Accrued Revenue 14,000 * Revenue 14,000 Unearned revenues (or deferred revenues) are revenues received in cash and recorded as liabilities prior to being earned. Unearned revenue is a liability to the entity until the revenue is earned. An example of unearned revenue would be if the customer paid a deposit for a custom ordered machine that has not been delivered, the deposit would be recorded as unearned revenue. This type of adjusting entry will be adjusted by another entry. * Revenue 14,000 * Deferred Revenue 14,000 Accrued expenses (also called accrued liabilities) are expenses already incurred but not yet paid or recorded. Examples of these types of adjusting entries could be for payroll that has been earned by employees on the last day of the period but not paid until the next payroll date. These types of entries generally reverse the next month. * Salaries Expense 89,000 * Salaries Payable 89,000 Prepaid expenses (or deferred expenses) are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets prior to being used. The most common form of an adjusting entry for prepaid expense would be for the used portion of an insurance premium these types of adjusting entries are usually permanent. * Insurance Expense 1,000 * Prepaid Insurance 1,000 Other adjusting entries include depreciation of fixed assets, allowances for bad debts, and inventory adjustments. * Bad Debt Expense 50 * Allowance for Bad debt 50 (Adjusting EN, 2010) It is also wise to know how these entries are recorded in a computerized accounting system, since everything is now done by computers. At the end of each closing period, usually monthly, a thorough analysis of the trial balance is performed. This analysis include performance budget to actual and month to month to ensure all of the accounts are correctly stated. When an adjusting entry is identified, a journal entry input form is prepared. This form should be supported with source documents that justify the entry and reviewed and approved by the appropriate level of accounting management. Once the approval has been obtained, the journal entry is keyed into the general ledger system as either a standard or self-reversing journal entry. The journal entry is than posted to the general ledger. There is also ethical issues that can arise if these entries are not posted correctly, Adjusting journal entries are a good way for management to manipulate financial results by either accruing more revenue or expenses than appropriate, and for fraudsters to hide skimming, which is the misappropriation of cash. It is extremely important to understand that each adjusting journal entry must be fully supported and approved. If you have any questions about what I have explained to you please don’t hesitate to ask me anything, I am here to help you succeed in this business, and in this firm.

Is Hiroshima Necessary

World War Two raged on with huge increasing number of casualties caused in both Japan and America. However, Japanese military’s stubborn mindset had led to their refusal to end the war. In order to force the Japanese to surrender unconditionally, many have argued that the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was needed. However, I would argue that the atomic bombing of Hiroshima alone would be sufficient in forcing the Japanese to surrender unconditionally. The words â€Å"needed to force† in the question implies that the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the only measure left while the words â€Å"surrender unconditionally† means that there would be no guarantees made for the country that surrenders. In order to put an end to the horrifying war which took millions of lives, the bombing was indeed necessary. Only the presence of an overwhelming demonstration of destructive capability would serve as a shock to and be sufficient in changing the mindset of the stubborn Japanese military, making them surrender unconditionally. However, traditional firing of air raids would have been another alternative even though it would require a longer time and greater efforts. Thus, I would argue that only the atomic bombing of Hiroshima was needed to force the Japanese to surrender unconditionally. The atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the only measure left to make the Japanese surrender without any guarantee in order to prevent greater loss of lives. The war had already resulted in millions of deaths and a continuation to the war would only cost more lives. To prevent the number of casualties from rising, it was necessary to force the Japanese to surrender. The Americans were left with the choice to either invade Japan or to drop the atomic bombs to force Japan to surrender. However, it was estimated that the invasion of Honshu and Kyushu would cost 1 million casualties to American forces alone whereas dropping the atomic bombs would only result in casualties in Japan and was thus seen as a better sacrifice for the war to end. Moreover, the effect of the bomb was a better promising solution to end the war due to its destructive effect. Thus, the only measure left to prevent the number of casualties from increasing was to drop the atomic bombs to create a destructive effect in Hiroshima and Nagasaki so that Japan would be left with no other choice but to surrender. However, Japan was already running out on war resources due to the embargoes. Japan was also beginning to suffer as Allied aircraft and submarines began to cut the shipping routes that brought raw materials and food into Japan from her territories in Asia Pacific. Japan was running out on oil and petroleum, which are crucial for war efforts. Even though oil fields in the East Indies were under Japanese control, the sea routes in which the ships had to sail pass in order to import the oil and petroleum to Japan were subjected to constant attack from the Allies. Without these resources, it is impossible for Japan to continue the war. Thus, Japan would have surrendered after a period of time even if the bombs were not dropped. However, without the dropping of the bombs, it would have been impossible to make Japan surrender without any guarantees. To the Japanese, surrender would be a threat to the Emperor. Thus, Japan would only agree to surrender if guarantees were given that the Emperor would be allowed to retain his throne. Thus, the atomic bombing was needed and the only measure left to force the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees. Yet another reason as to why the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the only measure left to make the Japanese surrender without any guarantee was because of the stubborn Japanese military. The Japanese military had the mindset that â€Å"A true soldier would rather die than to surrender†. Thus, it was believed that the Japanese had intended to fight to their deaths. Even after the Americans modified the ultimatum and demanded only an unconditional surrender from the Armed forces of Japan after they discovered that an unconditional surrender would be seen as a threat to the Japanese Emperor, they refused to surrender. Ironically, the softening of the surrender backfired and instead, the Japanese saw it as a promising development from the enemy and assumed that the Americans no longer insisted on a full unconditional surrender as circumstances have arisen that forced them to end the war. Prime Minister Suzuki thought that by insisting on their demands, the Americans would eventually give in to their requests. Hence, Japan stubbornly refused to surrender. Thus, the only measure left to force the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees was to drop the atomic bombs, which would result in destructive effects to shock the Japanese military into surrendering. However, not the entire of Japan was against surrendering. Unlike Germany, Japan was not ruled by a dictator but a system of government which includes a prime minister, a cabinet made up of military, civilians and a parliament. After the Potsdam Conference in Berlin on 16 July, Prime Minister Suzuki and foreign minister Togo were considering a negotiated settlement. Even the Emperor gave instructions to Prime Minister Suzuki to find a way to end the war as soon as possible. Japan also started to send peace offers to the United States, showing her desire to negotiate for surrender. However, it was also clear that these were not enough to end the war. The Japanese military and General Korechika Anami were determined to continue the war. Soon, a political stalemate was present between the civilian leaders and military leaders, where the civilian leaders tried to find ways to negotiate to an end of the war whereas the military leaders wanted to continue even if they had to place their lives at stake. As Japan could only legally enter into a peace agreement when unanimous support was achieved in the cabinet, orders were given that Japan would ignore the revised ultimatum. Hence, only the dropping of the atomic bombs would make the Japanese military realise that they should surrender to minimize further casualties. Thus, the atomic bombing was needed and the only measure left to force the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees. On the other hand, the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was not the only measure left to make the Japanese surrender without any guarantee because firing fierce conventional air raids would also be an alternative. All along, the Americans have been firing constant air raids, which have caused considerable damage, killing about 241,000 to 900,000 Japanese. The air raids have also resulted in extensive damage to many cities in Japan as well as a huge decline in industrial production. Hence, firing constant conventional air raids would have been able to exert sufficient pressure on Japan to agreeing to an unconditional surrender without releasing the atomic bombs. Thus, the atomic bombing was not needed to force the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees. However, firing air raids would require a longer time to force the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees. Meanwhile, there would also be more resulting casualties. On the contrary, the atomic bombs would have a faster effect on Japan as she would only be left with the choice to surrender, fearing that America would drop atomic bombs in other parts of Japan and eventually mark the end of the Japanese empire. Thus, the atomic bombing was needed to force the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees. After reconsidering the above points, it is conclusive that the atomic bombing was indeed needed to force the Japanese to surrender unconditionally. However, the atomic bombing on Hiroshima alone would be sufficient. The duration between the two atomic bombings was three days, which was insufficient for Japan to realise the destructive effect of the nuclear bombs. In addition, Japan was already planning to surrender previously. Hence, if Japan was given more time to understand the effect of the nuclear weapon on her country and people, she would have surrendered unconditionally. Thus, only the atomic bombing on Hiroshima was needed to force the Japanese to surrender unconditionally.

USA responsibility for fostering the growth and development of the EEC Article

USA responsibility for fostering the growth and development of the EEC - Article Example In addition, they believed that an integrated Europe could play a greater political role in the world. The economic gains to be derived from European integration were recognized long before the postwar era, but post-World War II developments made them greater and more visible. The benefits come from expanding the size of the market open to producers. They are thus able to obtain the economies of scale resulting from mass production and specialization, and the economy as a whole can gain from the effects of greater competition. The advantages of integration assumed greater importance in the 1950's because technological developments that occurred during and after the war increased the size of the market necessary to support efficient industry. Competition from large U.S. business firms seemed insurmountable to European firms faced with small, fragmented markets and equipped with obsolete machinery. Larger markets and protection from the competition of U.S. products were thought necessary to sustain rapid European growth. Both could be obtained through economic integration. The political gains from integration seemed at the time to be even more important than the economic ones. The destructive war in Europe was not followed by peace but by cold war. Under Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union threatened the very existence of European governments. Germany was divided and faced a powerful Russian army on its frontier. Italy and France both experienced great uncertainties from having large Communist minorities within their borders. In this situation, only the military power of the United States maintained security. But the Europeans felt that they had to make an important contribution to their own defense, both to avoid being totally dependent on the United States, and to prepare for the day when U.S military forces would be removed from European soil. Integration through supranational institutions was thought to be both a means of ensuring efficient expenditure of the resources Europeans felt they could devote to security, and a way of downgrading independent m ilitary establishments. In Germany, particularly, integration was viewed as a means of providing sufficient strength in the West to convince the Soviet Union that nothing could be gained from a continued division of Germany, in the hope that reunification would eventually be permitted. Conflicts over the goals of European unity and over the degree of supranationality of its institutions have marked the European movement during the postwar period. Indeed, the most far-reaching attempts to institutionalize unity through the European Defense Community (EDC) and the companion European Political Community (EPC) foundered on issues directly related to these conflicts. In order to circumvent this problem, the promoters of the "European idea" decided to concentrate their efforts on economic integration. European governments ( France in particular) could enter into agreements in the economic sphere, as demonstrated by the formation and continued existence of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), but were not prepared to accept a direct attack on national sovereignty, as shown by the defeat of the EDC proposal. Thus, the Rome Treaty establishing the EEC is devoid of provisions for political integration. (Nugent, 2006) However, political motives were paramount, and th e ultimate objective of the

International Business Analysis. Financial Crisis of 2007-2010 Essay

International Business Analysis. Financial Crisis of 2007-2010. Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers - Essay Example These particular securities which were considered as poisonous resulted in making up a substantial fraction of their individual final asset base. The non-payments related to such securities promoted a significant credit crisis as every individual financial institution accumulated cash and called for the requirement for increasingly enlarged payments prior to lending it to others. The investment brokerages along with the banks situated in Wall Street rapidly lost capital of amounting to around US$175 billion between the time periods ranging from the year 2007 to the year 2008. Many large and sound financial institutions had to be rescued with the aid of huge amount of guarantees that were obtained from Federal Reserve. Numerous of the remaining ones ensured their continued existence with the help of selling large portions of their preferred stock along with assured best return rates, towards a sequence ‘sovereign funds’ that were believed to be possessed by the respective governments of Singapore, China, Abu Dhabi and South Korea among the rest (Blackburn, 2008).The financial institutions especially the banks suffered grave financial crisis owing to the apparent deeply faulty management in relation to the systematic risk. A quite significant part related to this particular issue was identified to be the fact that the central as well as a few of the prominent financial institutions made use of a obscure secondary form of banking system in order to conceal a great deal of their respective exposure. Renowned institutions such as Merrill Lynch, Barclays Capital, Citigroup, Deutsche Bank along with Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) were known to get engaged in huge amount of debt or due balances and as a result provided loans by employing the funds of other individuals in opposition to inadequately poor kind of collateral (The Chancellor of the Exchequer, 2009). The triggering factor behind the credit crisis was measured to be the growing payment failures among the people of the US who were believed to be in possession of the subprime mortgages during the previous quarter of the year 2006 and in the beginning of the year 2007 (Jaffee, 2008). The increasing rate of failure to make payments against the held mortgages by the individuals was identified to be the rise made with respect to the interest rates for the reason of defending the declining value of dollar. This particular scenario or condition resulted in the breakdown of numerous big and sound mortgage brokers between the months of February to March in the year 2007, however the real possibility of the issue only started to get recorded in the later periods. Fascinatingly, the initial bank that registered an issue in this regard was the Deutsche Bank who was learnt to be compelled to provide guarantee for two funds in the month of July’ 2007 that were supposed to be property-based (The Chancellor of the Exchequer, 2009). To sum up, the essential aspect t hat was realised regarding the financial crunch relates to the comprehension that across the globe, certain issues failed to be adequately well understood. The international standards pertaining to regulation along with the international agreement with regard to risk remained unsuccessful to carry on with the notion of financial innovation as well as globalisation. This definite mentioned aspect did not

Project Management Organizational Structures In Aerospace Research Paper

Project Management Organizational Structures In Aerospace - Research Paper Example It is not, however, just the practices and knowledge coding capabilities of the project manager that determine success, it is how the project manager adapts within different organizational structures when working on a project. This essay highlights the dynamics of the three different types of project management organizational structures, emphasizing the potential advantages and disadvantages of each structure. The role of the project management office within a matrix organizational structure receives special prominence in analysis. Describing the Three PM Organizational Structures The first organizational structure analyzed is the functional structure, one that is primarily found within companies that sell standard products. In the aerospace industry, this structure is common when there is a very high volume of production output and where there is a single core product that drives the basis of manufacturing. The functional structure individuals that maintain the same technical expert ise are placed into functional groups, for example a team of engineering specialists, which are responsible for handling activities associated with their level of skills and responsibilities toward meeting the objectives of the business mission (Gido & Clements, 2012). The types of businesses that utilize a functional structure are those that have dedicated research and development teams, such as Johnson & Johnson, where functional experts are grouped into expert laboratories where group members share the same skills, competencies and technical capabilities. In the functional structure, there is generally a main executive leader that governs the entire division (such as engineering or marketing) by which divisional managers maintain reporting responsibility. For instance, systems engineering, mechanical engineering, and software engineering management report to the Vice President of Engineering with no other additional tiers of hierarchical control in the functional model. The next organizational structure analyzed is the autonomous project organizational structure, a structure found in a business that works with a variety of projects that have varying characteristics, different needs for specialist work, and where there is no standard project framework that will guide the projects in which the company operates. For example, a company may contract the project-oriented company for a multi-million dollar project that will require three years to complete that involves engineering experts, installation specialists, or special manufacturing requirements. Because this type of business maintaining a functional structure is working on many different projects concurrently, it will be necessary for some specialist groups to work autonomously until a specific aspect of the project has been completed by which the specialist groups maintains responsibility for completion. Resources in the autonomous project organizational structure are allocated permanently until this port ion of the project has been completed and the specialist group is then managed by a project manager that oversees the administrative function of the group. These partially-autonomous groups only provide support to the project until their unique responsibilities have been completed and then another functional group continues forward until all