Human resources are how a business recruits Essay

Human resources are how a business recruits, retains and manages key features and functions of their employees. If businesses are to obtain their objectives, they must plan their human resources function so they have the right number of employees with the right kinds of qualifications and training to meet the needs of the business. Human resources use different approaches to all the different aspects of human resource planning and management. Human resource planning Businesses have to plan carefully to ensure that they have the right number of suitable employees for their needs. To do this they need a good understanding of the labour market in the areas where they operate. Human resource planning also involves looking at how labour is organised within the business. A range of factors when making decisions about staffing from the labour market includes; * Labour turnover * Sickness and accident rates * Age, Skills and Training * Succession In an ideal world businesses should plan ahead when it comes to human resources. A well-organised business will have forecasts and projections of its future staffing needs. These will then be matched to forecasts and projections about the local labour market, which means that the business can develop appropriate strategies for the recruitment, training and development of its staff. Recruitment and selection Recruitment and selection is a well-worn topic, which is treated fully in all major texts. There is always a tension between getting the right person for a job and how much resource in terms of time and money is devoted to recruitment. Businesses recruit staff for a variety of reasons. These can include: * The growth or reconstruction of the business * Changing job roles within a business * Filling vacancies created by resignation, retirement and dismissal * Internal promotion The recruitment process can be costly, in terms of resources devoted to the process and costs associated with recruiting poor performing staff. Therefore, it is important to select accurately people for interview. Businesses need to be very clear about the requirements of the job and about the kind of person they are looking for. This is done in several ways; * Preparing person specifications and job descriptions * Carefully planning how, when and where to advertise * Identifying the strengths and weaknesses of job applications, curriculum vitae and letters of application * Short-listing candidates Training and development Training and development are currently big issues for many businesses in most parts of the country, especially where there are low rates of unemployment. Moreover, more and more businesses are realising that if they fail to invest in training and development they will become uncompetitive. Training and development includes the following; * Induction training * Mentoring * Coaching * Apprenticeships * In-House training * External Training * Recognition of prior learning (RPL) and/or accreditation of prior learning (APL) and accreditation of prior experience and learning (APEL). Performance management Performance management refers to different strategies designed to get the best of a business work force. Different techniques are employed which attempt to relate performance with pay, or promotion or training. Such schemes are not always popular with workers. The following are methods that businesses use to manage the performance of their employees; * Performance reviews including appraisals * Self-evaluation * Peer evaluation * Target setting of individuals and groups. The labour Market Sainsburys constantly monitor the labour market to see any trends in each sector. They use local and national surveys to gather this information. Information gathered is them allocated to the departments that it would suit the best and what people are looking for. For example Sainsburys may be looking for trained bakers and fishmongers, as it is a rare profession. They may also look to see if anyone may reach this profession with a small amount of training, they may investigate if the opportunity cost of training them is viable. If Sainsburys needed a fishmonger and there was one available then they would have to pay them a decent amount of money to be able to acquire their services. This is because they are quite rare to find and may easily be coaxed into another job with money. They may also try to keep these professionals for a long time in one store so that the job in done with consistency. As sainsburys require a high standard they may send them to an off site training course to build up their knowledge of a certain area. Changing features in the market trends makes it hard for firms such as Sainsburys to find the staff they want for specific hi-skilled jobs. This may because there is an increase in professional and managerial work and a decrease in unskilled and semi-skilled work. Also people such as Bakers may have learnt new skills to enter different sections of the labour market. For example a Baker may have had enough of his job, taken an evening class in management, gained qualifications other than baking and joined a more managerial part of the team. Sainsburys need to look hard at the staff they acquire from agencies and applications and think hard about if it would be worth training them up for a specific job. They have to pick them up at exactly the right time. This means that they have to get them before they go elsewhere but have to be wary of them getting trained at great expense to sainsburys and then leaving for a job with better job satisfaction or better money. They have t get the balance just right unless it could prove costly. If Sainsburys employ new staff they may have to restructure the departments, this may prove popular with some staff but unpopular with others. Sainsburys have to think about management structures becoming flatter as a result of greater development of responsibilities and how hierarchies are being replaced by team working. Demographics show that the UK workforce is aging. This can be taken as a good aspect but also as a bad one. Some advantages of having an ageing workforce are that: * They know their job inside out and know how to deal with certain situations. * They have plenty of experience and may be able to offer light on problems which younger staff may have never encountered before. * It may be more reassuring to the customer to see an well experienced person doing the job rather then a young face straight out of school. Some disadvantages of having an ageing workforce are that: * As people get older they may be more susceptible to illness and take more time off. * With new computer equipment they may have to be sent on an expensive training course to learn new ways of working. * They may not be as motivated as younger staff as they are happy with their jobs and realise that they may not be doing it much longer. They may also not want to go for promotions, as they do not want to be bothered with the stress of the modern workplace. There is a steady decline in Primary and manufacturing sectors and an increase in service sector employment. This may work in sainsburys favour as they have positions for all sorts of people in all different sectors. There are a lot of people wanting to do the jobs where you do not need as much experience such as till manning and shelf stacking but they also have room for people with experience such as the butchers and bakers. As there is such a lot of people wanting to take on the less experience needed jobs the employees in these positions have to try and make a good impression and try hard as they know that there is always someone around the corner waiting for their job. This may boost Sainsburys productivity and customer relations. There are increasing numbers of women being qualified in previously ‘mans work’. More and more women are being trained as butchers and fishmongers. Women are now holding more high skilled positions now also, for example it would not be uncommon to ask to see the manager and a women to walk out and speak to you. This may seem strange to older generations who may still believe that it should be a mans job. The education and training system is undergoing a change. There has been a major expansion in further and higher education and the development of more flexible vocational training structures. This allows more part-time and mature students to gain higher qualifications. This may also allow them to train whilst working, improving there skills for an in-house vacancy. Part-time students make up a large proportion of Sainsburys workforce. This is because they can work flexible hours and are willing to learn. They may also not mind doing low skilled jobs as they need the money and know that they may not be doing that job forever as they are studying at a high level, having these people on their books may be an advantage to Sainsburys as if they are good they may placed in the running for higher positions. When they finish their higher education weather it be A-Levels or Degree they may give them a chance to move up the ladder. This may seem promising to the employee who already has friends there and knows the set up. They may also like it as it saves them the hassle of finding a completely new job. The sectors that are forecast to expand are those, which have grown since the early 1980s. The exception is construction, where employment is forecast to fall 4.2%. The largest absolute increase in employment is in public services. The majority of new jobs are to be in education and health, which is an area, which has seen significant growth since the early 1980s. Financial and Business services are expected to show the fastest percentage growth. Business services are expected to be the strongest performer in this sector with employment growth at 2.5% per year whilst a fall is forecast in financial services. Manufacturing is set to see further productivity gains, which may lead to falls in unemployment. Norwich’s Economy * One third of all the jobs in Norfolk are within the Norwich city council area. This totals up to 94,000 people. * Half the jobs in Norfolk are within the greater Norwich area. Employment in Norwich has grown over the last 6 years, but more slowly than the UK as a whole. * Over 90% of Norwich companies employ less than 50 people but over half of the Norwich workforce are employed in the 66 largest companies and organisations such as Norwich Union and Mash. * More than 50,000 people travel into Norwich each day to work, from the surrounding area. * The average earnings of full-time employees in Norwich (Excluding overtime) are just over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 per hour, which is below the national average of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.18 per hour. * Between 1995 and 2000 employment grew fastest in financial services, public sector and construction. * In the next few years most jobs are likely to be created within Norwich in business services, hotels and catering, retailing, banking and insurance and construction. There will be a long-term demand for construction skills creating sustainable jobs. * Tourism is growing fast and currently provides 5,600 jobs in Norwich Trends in employment 1997-2007(predictions) 1997 2007 Increasing involvement of Women Female share of total employment 46.5% 48.2% Female share of employees in employment 49.7% 51.7% More Working part-time Part-time share of employees in employment 29.1% 31.2% More self-employed Self employed share of total employment 13.0% 15.2% Supply and Demand graph for Wage Rates S WR1 WR = Wage Rate Sk = Skills WR D2 D Sk Sk1 As you can see as the demand for high skilled people goes up so does the wages they will be getting paid. Supply of Labour S2 S WR = Wage WR2 Rate L = Labour WR D L2 L If the supply of labour decreases then the wage rate will increase. Minimum Wage rate S WR2 WR1 D Q2 Q1 If a minimum wage is introduced which is higher than the wage rate the demand for labour falls Training and Development The aim of training a person is to permanently change their ability. Improving their knowledge, experience and skills does this. To start you off at Sainsburys you are given an induction. This tells you the basics of your job and allows you to do it. Induction programmes are designed to familiarise new recruits with the layout, security systems and about health and safety within the company. To inspire new recruits they may be introduced to key personnel. Sainsburys hold policy interviews, one review happens at 3 weeks, one at 7 weeks and then again at 11 weeks. Sainsburys holds in-house training and coaching in each branch. They also have a ‘How well and I doing?’ handbook which they give to each employee. This can map out paths and set targets, different for each section on the company. The targets set are: * Measurable * Specific * Time-related * Agreed * Realistic These are set at 6-month periods. The workbooks, which are used for technical training, coach trainees on a specific part of their job. They help them understand what they have got to do and how they have got to do it. For example training for a checkout operator may be given on a dummy checkout and they on a real one serving customers but with supervision. Each store trains its own staff at their job; training centres are used for external training, which may be specific to a person’s job such as health and safety or food hygiene. These parts of training may also involve passing an exam and gaining a qualification. The in store training organiser may not be qualified to teach this. External training may also occur when the trainee is learning a specialist subject. For example a fishmonger may be sent to a special training-centre especially for fishmongers. I believe that Sainsburys send their head fishmongers to a centre in London. Sainsburys also has a training room where training videos are shown to trainees. These may be in general subjects such as customer relations. This is very handy as videos can be shown to a trainee as many times as it takes and at very little cost. Also the audience can be selected and many trained at a time. Sainsburys also has a computer on which there are training programs, these give training and also provide a test, which they have to pass.

Part Three Chapter VII

VII Up in the little white house that sat high above the town, Simon Price fretted and brooded. Days passed. The accusatory post had vanished from the message boards, but Simon remained paralysed. To withdraw his candidacy might seem like an admission of guilt. The police had not come knocking about the computer; Simon half regretted throwing it off the old bridge now. On the other hand, he could not decide whether he had imagined a knowing grin from the man behind the till when he handed over his credit card in the garage at the foot of the hill. There was a lot of talk about redundancies at work, and Simon was still afraid of the contents of that post coming to the bosses' ears, that they might save themselves redundancy pay by sacking himself, Jim and Tommy. Andrew watched and waited, losing hope every day. He had tried to show the world what his father was, and the world, it seemed, had merely shrugged. Andrew had imagined that someone from the printworks or the council would rise up and tell Simon firmly, ‘no'; that he was not fit to set himself up in competition with other people, that he was unsuitable and sub-standard, and must not disgrace himself or his family. Yet nothing had happened, except that Simon stopped talking about the council or making telephone calls in the hope of garnering votes, and the leaflets that he had had printed out of hours at work sat untouched in a box in the porch. Then, without warning or fanfare, came victory. Heading down the dark stairs in search of food on Friday evening, Andrew heard Simon talking stiffly on the telephone in the sitting room, and paused to listen. ‘†¦ withdraw my candidacy,' he was saying. ‘Yes. Well, my personal circumstances have changed. Yes. Yes. Yeah, that's right. OK. Thank you.' Andrew heard Simon replace the receiver. ‘Well, that's that,' his father said to his mother. ‘I'm well out of it, if that's the kind of shit they're throwing around.' He heard his mother return some muffled, approving rejoinder, and before Andrew had time to move, Simon had emerged into the hall below, drawn breath into his lungs and yelled the first syllable of Andrew's name, before realizing that his son was right in front of him. ‘What are you doing?' Simon's face was half in shadow, lit only by the light escaping the sitting room. ‘I wanted a drink,' Andrew lied; his father did not like the boys helping themselves to food. ‘You start work with Mollison this weekend, don't you?' ‘Yeah.' ‘Right, well, you listen to me. I want anything you can get on that bastard, d'you hear me? All the dirt you can get. And on his son, if you hear anything.' ‘All right,' said Andrew. ‘And I'll put it up on the fucking website for them,' said Simon, and he walked back into the sitting room. ‘Barry Fairbrother's fucking ghost.' As he scavenged an assortment of food that might not be missed, skimming off slices here, handfuls there, a jubilant jingle ran through Andrew's mind: I stopped you, you bastard. I stopped you. He had done exactly what he had set out to do: Simon had no idea who had brought his ambitions to dust. The silly sod was even demanding Andrew's help in getting his revenge; a complete about-turn, because when Andrew had first told his parents that he had a job at the delicatessen, Simon had been furious. ‘You stupid little tit. What about your fucking allergy?' ‘I thought I'd try not eating any of the nuts,' said Andrew. ‘Don't get smart with me, Pizza Face. What if you eat one accidentally, like at St Thomas's? D'you think we want to go through that crap again?' But Ruth had supported Andrew, telling Simon that Andrew was old enough to take care, to know better. When Simon had left the room, she had tried to tell Andrew that Simon was only worried about him. ‘The only thing he's worried about is that he'd have to miss bloody Match of the Day to take me to hospital.' Andrew returned to his bedroom, where he sat shovelling food into his mouth with one hand and texting Fats with the other. He thought that it was all over, finished, done with. Andrew had never yet had reason to observe the first tiny bubble of fermenting yeast, in which was contained an inevitable, alchemical transformation.

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Making Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting - Research Paper Example The year 2000 census established that whites form the majority of the population followed by the African Americans in Chesapeake, Virginia. It is an extremely economically vibrant city with a lot of business opportunities. The City’s economic status means that the per capita earnings of the population are fairly good and promotes the service and commodity industries because the population has more purchasing power (United States Bureau of the Statistics, 2001). With only a small percentage of the entire population living below the poverty line and the majority of those above this line being between the ages of 15 and 35 years, it makes the city an unusually favorable place for business opportunities. The population of Chesapeake as of the year 2010 was 222,209 people with the majority of this population earning between 60,000 -100,000 thousand US Dollars annually (United States Bureau of the Census, 2006). The age that is associated with pizza or is pizza tolerant also happens to be the majority age group of between 10 and 40 years. The cost of living is high, which means that the prices here are relatively higher as compared to other cities. This is brought about by the economic stability of this Region: The rental prices are relatively cheap and the city’s security is conducive for businesses and their clients. The use of demand and forecasting, in making business decisions, is a wise tool to choose because it relies on facts on the ground to make predictions about the suitability of an event in the future or the present (United States Bureau of Economics, 2006). Estimated regression is a mathematical principle used in this process, and it uses this formula;  = a + bx with y and x being the two variables under consideration. They determine the suitability of the future conditions or circumstances that will prevail in relation to the business. The variables x is used to predict the outcome, which is represented by y. The coefficient of

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Treatment of a soft tissue ankle injury Grade 1 and Grade 2 - Essay Example Assessment of the injury is the determining factor for the intervention, which is applied in the treatment and management of the ankle injury. Many soft tissue injuries are commonly treated through simple interventions without surgery. Surgery is not indicated except to correct the most severe injuries. Soft injuries involve different range of tissue injuries from ankle tissue sprains to muscular and tendon injuries. The treatment of these injuries commonly involves interventions aimed at restoring full range of functionality to these tissues. The fundamental symptoms of these injuries include swelling, pain and stiffness, which commonly result in limited mobility. Epidemiology of the condition has indicated that these common issues can easily result in chronic disabilities. Soft tissue injuries commonly refer to trauma in various muscles, tendons, and ligaments located in a range of structures. These injuries commonly result from strains, sprains or excessive use of a body part, common to athletes, whose activities create soft-tissue risk factors for injuries in the legs specifically. The basic symptoms of these injuries include extreme pain, swelling and inflammation stressing affected tissues to the detriment of normal function. The PRICE principle is the intervention that is applied immediately following the injury. This principle is an acronym referring to the management procedures applied for soft tissue injury. The intervention usually begins immediately following the injury before hospitalisation and diagnosis of the severity of the sustained injury. Protection: This is performed to ensure the individual does not sustain further damage upon the injured area. Often, this involves a cast or brace that restricts whatever motion or position is most likely to exacerbate the injury while supporting the healing process. Ice: After sustaining an injury, ice is a necessity for the reduction of swelling and pain within the first 72 hours following

American Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

American Government - Essay Example Personally, the meaning of the statement takes a diverse and a dynamic aspect as time goes by and as U.S leadership takes new directions. However, these diversities and dynamics can be condensed to mean that it is from the people that government comes from. In other words, people constitute the government. However, this concept cannot be taken literally. This is because the government hardly pleases everyone. Even when the government is made up of this people, there are those that still oppose it and think a better one needs to be in place. Considering the context within which the concept We the People was brought forth by our forefathers, the concept can be referred to as symbolic. The U.S is made up of 52 different states. The entire constitution does not contain a single line that reads We the States. In this regard, the unification of all the states in America is symbolized by We the People concept. Therefore, the people may not constitute a perfect government but they can remain united through the government. Preamble to the U. S. Constitution identifies five different functions of government. These are: strive to put in place a perfect unification of all states, promote justice through protecting law abiders from law breakers, enhance safety and security of U.S citizens, promote the general welfare of the society and to safeguard domestic serenity. All these functions are expected to be discharged to the U.S citizens indiscriminately. Two of the five functions have had the greatest impact at a personal level. These are: promoting justice through protecting law abiders from law breakers and the enhancement of safety and security of U.S citizens. Today, many nations around the world face significant security and justice issues. A number of countries have engaged in civil wars, while others have disregarded the ultimate importance of human rights. However, the U.S has significantly addressed such issues

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Sources Of International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sources Of International Law - Essay Example 2. Customary law: International customs are the oldest and the original source of international as well as of law in general.3 Article 38 (b) of the statute of international court of justice recognises international custom as evidence of general practice accepted as law. Elements of customary law. i) Long duration: - This is true of a custom in municipal law. However, this requirement is not necessary in international law. Article 38 of the statute of the international court of justice directs the world court to apply international custom as evidence of a general practice accepted as law. Emphasis is not given on a practice being repeated 3.Oppenheim's International Law, note 4 p 25. ii) Uniformity and consistency: The custom should be uniform and consistent. In the asylum case4 the International Court of Justice observed that the rule invoked should be in accordance with a constant and uniform usage practiced by the states in question. Article 38 of the statute of the court, which refers to international custom as evidence of a general practice, accepted as law. In its judgment of 27 June, 1986 in the case concerning Military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua5 while referring occasional violations of the principles of non- intervention the International Court of Justice observed: "It is not to be expected that in the practice of states the application of the rules in question should have been perfect in the sense that states should have refrained, with complete consistence, from the use of force or from intervention in each other's internal affairs. The court does not consider that, for a rule to be established as customary, the corresponding practice must be in absolutely rigorous...Whenever an international court decides an international dispute its first endeavour is to find out whether there is international treaty, the decision of the court is based on that treaty. According to article 2 of the Vienna convention on the law of the Treaties, 1969, "A treaty is an agreement ii) Uniformity and consistency: The custom should be uniform and consistent. In the asylum case4 the International Court of Justice observed that the rule invoked should be in accordance with a constant and uniform usage practiced by the states in question. In its judgment of 27 June, 1986 in the case concerning Military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua5 while referring occasional violations of the principles of non- intervention the International Court of Justice observed: "It is not to be expected that in the practice of states the application of the rules in question should have been perfect in the sense that states should have refrained, with complete consistence, from the use of force or from intervention in each other's internal affairs. The court does not consider that, for a rule to be established as customary, the corresponding practice must be in absolutely rigorous conformity with the rule."6 iv) Opinion juris et necessitates: - According to arti

Game and Basketball Essay Example for Free

Game and Basketball Essay Basketball has been a part of my life since I was eleven years old. To me basketball isnt just a sport, but a stress relief from schoolwork and a place where I can just be myself. Anytime I start to feel the stress of school, my family problems or work, I always use basketball as my way of getting away. The moment I step out onto the court I feel refreshed. My mind warps into this place of peace and I feel like I can do anything. I even sometimes believe that basketball is in my blood. I play representative and domestic basketball. Representative is when a player is on a real team that has practices and a playbook, domestic is when your just playing around with your friends. I do find that playing representative is way more enjoyable. The fact that Im playing with guys of the same age as myself, that have the same interest as I do, and the fact that there all as serious about basketball as I am is pretty cool too. Training and preparing for my games one of the hardest parts of the game. To play basketball, you have to be in good shape. We run, non-stop, for some days, this keeps our fitness levels up to the standards expected of us. Honesty I dont mind that kind of pain because I know that my skills are improving form all the training that we do. On other days, trainings usually consist of skill drills and running through the strategic motion plays for out basketball games. Overall, I play because I LOVE the sport. The best part of the week is when I have games. When the final bell of school rings, I become exited about the game that I have been preparing so hard for. The best part of the season is the finals. Everyone is so exacted to be there. Being able to play in the finals and knowing that if you win you get a trophy is very motivating. Having your friends and family cheering for you on the court sides is also motivating as well (but also nerve ranking too). Every time you score a goal and hearing everyone roaring with excitement, is the most motivating thing when your out there on the court. Basketball has grown to be a tremendous piece of my life. I know that many people think that basketball is just a sport, but for me, its a way of living life. **Questions- Step 1: introduce yourself and let the coach know that your interested in the team. Step 2: describe your #1 strength as a player Step 3: wat do u hope to get out of your college experience **Answers- My name is Tyreek Wardlaw. I am African American weighing at one hundred and thirty pounds with a five foot six height. I am very interested in playing college basketball as i move on to the next challenge in my life. My number one strength in the way I play basketball is my mindset and mental skill of the game. I have a high basketball IQ and a positive attitude for basketball even if myself or my teammates are struggling throughout a game or even a season. Being a point guard I think the most important thing is to stay focused and keep your head in the game. A point guard shouldnt get frustrated after a bad call or a bad shot, he should keep his mind clear and think positive throughout the whole game. A positive point guard equals positive results. In my college experience I hope to succeed academically. Not only do I want to play basketball but I want to become something more when I get out of college. I know its going to be hard work but Im ready for the challenge. I hope that your interested in me enough so that I can play the game I love at your college.

Why Portugal was the First and the Last Colony Essay Example for Free

Why Portugal was the First and the Last Colony Essay Portugal is one of the many European nations that colonized different parts of the world. Its colonies spread from Asia, Africa and Latin America. Colonization has been defined as domination of a territory by a foreign power where the dominating power subjects the subordinate nation to exploitation, denial of freedom and direct ruling. Colonizing power usually impose their policies and control of most aspects of the local people. Portuguese domination of the foreign nation can be traced way back after the end of the Portuguese recapturing period in the twelfth century. During this time they started moving to the other parts of the world, this is overseas expansion. In 1415 this European power conquered port of Cueta in the Northern part of Africa. In the subsequent years Portuguese continued moving along the coasts of Africa where they established forts, seaports, and trade posts. (Cook, S 1997) There are several reasons why Portugal became the first nation to colonize, firstly the nation has been described as the one which kicked off the age of discovery ,this was way back in the 1400s. Portuguesese were the first to explore and sail through the Atlantic ocean, this enabled them to discover so many islands which they came to colonize. This discovery was propelled by the mobility of the citizens of this country. The information they gathered from these expeditions was very vital as far as conquering other parts of the world were concerned. Explorers such Vasco da Gama and Bartolomeu Dias helped in the establishment of ports and forts along the coastal regions of the areas they passed, this spread to as far as India. These explorers were later followed by armed groups who were keen on taking regions that were rich in resources. (Field house, D (1981) Enrique, D (1981) brings out another perspective that gave Portugal an upper hand as far as colonization was concerned, this nation was the first to get important concessions from the church, this concessions recognized the ownership of the Portugal over the territory which had already been discovered and those which had not been discovered. Pope also went ahead to give Portugal the exclusive rights to take over the lands in Africa. According to Sellsrtom, T (1999) Portuguese had a mentality that they were superior to other people and they had the right to live in the tropics and help in the assimilation of people from the entire racial group and make them one big nation. As a nation they clinged to the view of magnificent future through the guidance of an aura of dominance. This partly explains why this nation was clinging to their colonies. They vehemently opposed the United Nations decolonization declaration which was passed in the early 1960s terming the idea as intelligible and can not be applicable to Portugal as a nation. Portugeese dictator Antonio Salazar was firmly opposed to this idea, he moved ahead and changed the constitution to incorporate the colonies as overseas provinces or states. These overseas provinces were taken as part of Portugal process of assimilation; they were part and parcel of this nation. She wanted them to be recognized as part of her, this was strongly opposed by other nations as it was going against the declaration of decolonization. (McQueen 1997) (United Nation 1970) Portugal only came to grant independence to the country it was dominating after much pressure from the international community. Some of the last colonies in Africa Mozambique and Angola later came to be engulfed by the war which can be partly being blamed on this extended domination. Being the first nation to colonize and the last to grant independence places this European country at a unique position as far as colonial history is concerned.

Different uses for spreadsheets

Different uses for spreadsheets Spreadsheets Coursework There are many different uses for spreadsheets; the main use for spreadsheets is using basic formulas to work out various sums. They can also used to represent data graphically using graphs and charts. In this document I plan to explore the various uses for spreadsheets in different areas and focus on one specific area and look at the uses for a spreadsheet in that area and also I will look at some of the limitations that using spreadsheets can bring. One of the main uses for spreadsheets is in finance, businesses can use a spreadsheet to forecast sales, and show graphically how sales will rise or drop based on past events. Spreadsheets can also be used to work out interest rates and monthly payments based on variables such as time, i.e. 5 years, 10 years or amount borrowed and also both such as  £100,000 borrowed over 30 years. Another use for spreadsheets is in education, spreadsheets can be used to store students personal data along with grades and scores, this data can then be used to predict a students overall or average grade, this can also be used to forecast how they will do at higher levels. A spreadsheet can also be used to gather all pupils scores and represent the data in a chart displaying the pass percentages for the school. A spreadsheet can also be used to record pay records for staff of the school and when they get paid and how much they get paid. Other uses for spreadsheets are in Health Care; health organisations such as the NHS can use spreadsheets to record patients details for easy access by doctors and other staff. They can also be used to show the date they were admitted and the date they were signed out by a doctor. And the doctor that is treating them. This can also be useful to see what dates are busiest and other trends. And plan accordingly for the future. Spreadsheets can be used by shop keepers to keep detailed lists of their stock, how much the item costs and the bar code number of the item, the shop keeper can also record sales of each item in his/her stock and then use graphs to see what items are selling well, and also what items are not selling so that the shop keeper can then change stock accordingly. As spreadsheet can also be used for a shop owner to do their VAT and Tax returns at the end of each quarter of the year. Spreadsheets can be used in sports to record the team statistics, and then work out goal per game percentages, and also it can be used to keep a game roster, games played and also draw up graphs and charts that show team performance, it can also be used to get a players averages such as average goals per game, injuries per season and other vital statistics. Also making them alot easier to be read and interpreted by the user. The application area I have chosen to look into is Shop keeping: In shop keeping spreadsheet applications can be very useful in shop keeping as it can help a shop owner keep a detailed inventory of all the items in the shop keeping information such as availability and barcode number easily accessible. Shop keepers can also use spreadsheets to record sales of all of their stock. They can view what items are selling well, what are not selling at all and what items are sold out. This data can be used to make graphs, charts and tables this can be used by the shop keeper to decide what he needs to get more off, or what stock he needs to order less of, or stop ordering. This can also be useful for the shopkeeper to use when deciding what offers to put on certain items. Shop keepers can also use spreadsheets to calculate their finances; they can calculate daily profit or loss and also predict using past sales what should happen for the next few weeks months or years. They can also calculate their monthly, quarterly or yearly profits or losses and they can do their VAT and Tax returns for the financial years. Making it easier, quicker and more convenient with fewer mistakes. Another use for spreadsheets by shop keepers is keeping staff details stored for quick and easy hours, this also is a good way for managers or owners to see their wage expenses and also keep track on who is working what hours and also staff holiday bookings, this makes it easier than using a conventional book and allows comparison of data faster. Spreadsheets can also be used by shop keepers by using them to work out break even points if the shop keeper wanted to obtain loans from banks or investors for expansion or other reasons. One Spreadsheet use that would be useful for shop keepers is the tables, they can clearly block out their inventories and using the SORT tool they can sort the data in any way they want, from A Z to number values. They can also group data types together making it a clear more organised list than just typing it up in Microsoft word. Another use for spreadsheets that would be useful in shop keeping is graphs and charts, graphs can be used to represent sales, profit and loss and other numerical data in one or more simple graphs that are easy to read. Charts can be easier to show data such as hours available Vs hours used. And stock sold Vs stock left over or returned. Spreadsheets could also be useful by using formula to work out various sums such as adding, multiplying, subtracting or dividing various cells together which could be useful for shopkeepers to work out their profit or loss margins. They can also use other functions such as averages to save time by bypassing the need for a calculator. One of the main limitations of spreadsheets is that some charts and graphs can be unclear if there is too much detail or if 3D graphs are used as the data lines and plotting can be unclear along. The axis also needs to be clearly labelled to avoid confusion. Another downside to spreadsheets is it isnt great for word processing, anything more than a few words and any more than that Microsoft word should be used or for small paragraphs comments attached to the cell. Another downside to spreadsheets is that beyond basic arithmetic the spreadsheet software gets more complex and may require more help from someone trained in it. As some of the functions are not easily explainable this could take time. Another disadvantage is that creating tables and graphs can be complicated and getting them to look right can be time consuming. In conclusion, spreadsheets can help turn huge amounts of data into simple and easily interpreted. They can also be used to sort and group large amounts of data in tables and make them easier to read and explain. They also allow people to work out the average of a set of data and cast predictions along with basic arithmetic. However they can be complicated to use and sometimes very unclear.

Hippies :: Hippie 60s Flower Power

Hippies When people hear the word hippie, they usually think of flower power, peace, love, and drugs. The 60's may have been a far out decade, but what most people don't know is the impact these idealists had on our world during that time. This generation of people can make almost anyone interested because of the things they believed in, why they expanded their minds and their contributions to today's world. Hippies were very down to earth people, they believed in peace and love, and hated the Vietnam War with a passion. With these beliefs came Flower Power. Flower Power was a peace movement designed to help stop the Vietnam War. Hippies, mostly young women, would hand out flowers at random to people walking down the streets of New York. They said it showed the love and respect they had for the world, and other people. The purpose of flower power was to show everyone that peace and unity is more important than aggression and dominance. During the spring of 1967, there was a ?love-in? at New York?s Central park. This was a gathering of over 10,000 people wearing exotic costumes, and body paint. They all gathered for a day of music, dancing, drugs, and celebration in hopes to get their word across the world about the war. One person who played at this even was Jimi Hendrix. Soon after there was an even bigger gathering held by these people, it was on a farm around 50 miles away from Wood stock. This was a 3 day gathering where they shared food, blankets, and drugs. Although there was skinny dipping, pot, and acid, there was not a single act of violence, thievery, or fighting. According to Galenet, the stage was built by 300 hippies in exchange for 2 meals a day, for the 3 day period, and all the pot they could smoke. They also hired the Hells Angles as security for this event, which was one of the muddiest and biggest sit-ins ever. With all these large gatherings, their main goal was to get their word out to the world about peace and love among everyone in hopes that the world will follow.

Arthritis Essay -- essays research papers fc

Arthritis is a general term for approximately 100 diseases that produce either INFLAMMATION of connective tissues, particularly in joints, or noninflammatory degeneration of these tissues. The word means "joint inflammation," but because other structures are also affected, the diseases are often called connective tissue diseases. The terms rheumatism and rheumatic diseases are also used. Besides conditions so named, the diseases include gout, lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, degenerative joint disease, and many others, among them the more recently identified LYME DISEASE. Causes of these disorders include immune-system reactions and the wear and tear of aging, while research indicates that the nervous system may often be equally involved. About one out of seven Americans exhibit some form of arthritis. INFLAMMATORY CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES This varied group of diseases produces inflammation in the connective tissues, particularly in the joints. The signs of inflammation--warmth, redness, swelling, and pain--may be apparent. Microscopic examination of the lesions reveals prominent blood vessels, abnormal accumulations of white blood cells, and varying degrees of wound healing with scarring. In some diseases, the inflammation is clearly an immune reaction, the body's defense against invading microorganisms. In others, the cause is different or unknown. Infectious Arthritis This disease is most common in young adults. Infection in a joint is usually caused by bacteria or other microorganisms that invade the joint from its blood vessels. Within hours or a few days the joint, usually the knee or elbow, becomes inflamed. There is an abnormal accumulation of synovial, or joint, fluid, which may be cloudy and contain large numbers of white blood cells. Gonococcal arthritis, a complication of gonorrhea, is the most common form of infectious arthritis. Treatment with antibiotics and aspiration of synovial fluid is usually promptly effective, and only minor residual damage is done to the joint. Occasionally the infection is prolonged and produces joint destruction and requires surgery. Rheumatic Fever This is a form of infectious arthritis caused by hemolytic streptococcus, a bacterium. Unlike typical infectious arthritis, however, the disease is most common in children aged 5 to 15 years, begins weeks after the onset of the streptococc... ... certain adrenal cortical steroids are powerful inhibitors of inflammation, toxic side effects limit their usefulness. Similarly, drugs that inhibit proliferation of cells in the inflammatory masses have potentially severe side effects. Drugs that inhibit undesirable inflammation may also inhibit desired inflammatory responses. A result is a high frequency of secondary infections. More specific therapy, for example, allopurinol and colchicine in gout, is dependent on knowledge of the precise biochemical mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Researchers are also studying the use of drugs that act on the nervous system. Despite the wear-and-tear origin of degenerative joint disease, it, too, may respond well to so-called anti-inflammatory drugs. Perhaps they are primarily acting as analgesics (pain-killers), or they may act by decreasing the secondary inflammation that follows joint trauma. Franklin Mullinax Bibliography: Arthritis Foundation, Understanding Arthritis (1986); Kelley, William N., et al., eds., Textbook of Rheumatology, 2d ed., (1985); McCarty, Daniel F., ed., Arthritis and Allied Conditions, 11th ed. (1988); Moll, J. M. H., Rheumatology in Clinical Practice (1987).

Autosomal Chromosomal Abnormalities Essay -- Genetic Disorders

Where does DNA come from? What is DNA? What is a Trisomy? DNA comes from our parents, we get half from mom and the other half from dad. DNA is two strands of nucleotide bases coiled into a double helix. The four nucleotide bases are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine. Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine. Each set has 23 single chromosomes- 22 Autosomes and one X or Y sex chromosome. (Massimini, 2000). â€Å"Your mother can give you only an X chromosome, but your father can pass on an X or a Y chromosome. If you receive an X chromosome from your father, the XX pair makes you genetically a female. If you receive a Y chromosome from your father, then your XY pair you're genetically a male (mayoclinic). Trisomies occur when there is an extra chromosome. An example of this would be, we have a total of 46 chromosomes (23 from each parent). When one extra is added this is a trisomy because now there’s 47 chromosomes. â€Å"There are two different forms of trisomy they are as follows: Partial Trisomy- part of a chromosome attaches itself to another chromosome, and Mosaic Trisomy- every cell contains extra† (Massimini, 2000, p.48). DNA replication is when cells make copies before they divide. DNA is held together by Hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are broken by an enzyme and DNA polymerase makes a complementary strand of each parent strands. DNA polymerase moves along the strand of DNA, and uses the bases as a template to make a new strand of DNA. It matches A with T and G with C as it moves along the strand. DNA liagase is the glue that seals any gaps holding the new strand together. DNA polymerase proof reads its work and corrects any mistakes it finds. If a mistake goes uncorrected the error will become a mutation, c... ...get pregnant. If the other partner is a carrier too then the baby will express the disorder. References Evans-Martin, F. (2009). Genes and Disease Down Syndrome. New York, New York. Chelsea House, Infobase publishing Martini, H., Nath, J., & Bartholomew, E., (2012). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 9th edition, California, Pearson Publishing Massimini, K. (2000). Genetic Disorders sourcebook 2nd edition, Michigan, Omnigraphics Mayoclinic staff. (Aug 17, 2010). Triple X Syndrome. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/triple-x-syndrome Santrock, J. (2011). Life-Span Development 13th edition, New York, New York. McGraw-Hill Starr, C., Evers, C., & Starr, L. (2009). Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology. Mason, Ohio. Cengage Learning Trisomy 18 foundation. (2010). Trisomy 18. Retrieved from http://www.Trisomy18.org

Cross Cultural Beliefs About the Afterlife Essay

Abstract A study of American undergraduates indicated that the beliefs about the nature of life after death were quite complicated. A 41-item questionnaire produced 12 independent groups of beliefs. Belief in an internal locus of control and that one’s life is owned by God were associated with a more positive view of the afterlife, as was being Roman Catholic rather than Protestant. The most common beliefs were that one is reunited with family and friends, that the afterlife is comforting, that there is Heaven and that the transition is peaceful, all believed by more than 90 percent of the students. The afterlife is an idea that the conscious or mind of a being continuous after physical death occurs. There are many different believes about how the afterlife will be and what effects that outcome. In many popular views, this continued existence often takes place in an immaterial or spiritual realm. Major views on the afterlife derive from religion. Deceased people are usually believed to go to a specific planet after death. Regardless of the lack of evidence that is typically believed to be determined by a God. This is based on their actions during physical life. In contrast, the term reincarnation refers to an afterlife in which only the â€Å"essence† of the being is preserved, and the â€Å"afterlife† is another life on Earth or possibly within the same universe. Lester, Aldrige, Aspenberg, Boyle, Radsniak, and Waldron (2001-2002) based their research proposal on what Flynn and Kunkel (1987) found. Flynn and Kunkel (1987) used data from about one thousand respondents in the 1983 from a General Social Survey to analyze beliefs that the people had for life after death. They found three groups of beliefs. One is Otherworldly: life of peace, tranquility, paradise of pleasure and delight, loving intellectual communication, union with god and reunion with loved ones. Worldly Rewards: life of intense action like it is here on earth but a paradise of pleasure and delight. The third group was No Rewards: life without many earthly joys, a pale, shadowy sort of life, spiritually involving mind and not the body. The researchers found that the type of belief held about life-after-death was related to social class, financial status, and a history of trauma. No recent studies were identified on this issue until Lester et al. (2001-2002). The designing of this study was made to explore and expand the beliefs that people held about life-after-death. They used a 21-item questionnaire of the concepts of the afterlife. In the first method the questionnaire was given to 50 students who were enrolled in social science undergraduate courses. The mean age was 23.8 years old and the participants were mainly white. In the first method nine factors ever extracted about beliefs about afterlife. There were three major findings from the research that was obtained. One was that 19.8 percent accounted for that the life is much like the life on earth. There is a good and an evil. Not everyone is equal and that there are material objects in the afterlife. 13.4 percent accounted for that the cause of death, rituals carried out for you, the physical and psychotically state at death has an effect on how the afterlife would be. Lastly 8.5 percent accounted for the belief that the afterlife is a specific place, there is a day of judgment, and there is eternal bliss and that that is the final destinations. The second method was designed to enlarge properties, increase sample size and explore other personality correlates of beliefs, specifically belief on external locus of control. The research study consisted of 152 male and180 female participants who were undergraduate students from the same state college as the participants in the first method. The second method was expanded into a 41-item questionnaire. The mean age in the second method was 22.5 years old and the participants were mainly white. In this method twelve factors were identified about beliefs about afterlife. Three of the major factors were that 12.1 percent believe in Heave and Hell. 7.9 percent believe in reincarnation and 6.6 percent believed that there ate material objects and sexual desire in the after life. The gender differences that were found are that men are not less likely to believe in afterlife but they were less likely to believe in Heaven, reuniting with loved ones, communication with the living and request for forgiveness before death. Men were more likely the women to believe that there are material objects, that spirits have human form, that there is pain, hunger, thirst and that rituals carried out after death are important. The religious differences they found were that Protestant students were less likely to believe in life-after-death then Roman Catholic students. On the other hand, Protestant students were more likely to believe that there is Hell and that forgiveness needs to be requested to get into Heaven.One of the strengths that this article has is that they provided a broad hypothesis. It was not specific and that gave them more room to play around with how they want to test the beliefs on life-after-death. They basically just wanted to explore from what was found in previous search on the afterlife and find more detailed data. Another strengths in this article were the specific questions that the participants were asked about their beliefs in the afterlife. The researchers made the questions into simple yes or no answer kinds. This made it easier for the participants to answer what they believe in about the afterlife and it also made it easier and clearer for the researchers to extract the exact data that they were looking for. Also the researchers conducted two methods. There were extra questions that were added also. This helped the researchers find other specific beliefs. Overall, having two methods gives a better view of what data is best to keep and present. The first weakness of this article is that the date was only consumed from one specific university. This has a major limit on how this data will be taken into account by others. When data is taken only from one part of he country it limits how credible the findings are and how they can be used in future research. Another weakness is that the researchers only conducted a questionnaire in their method to finding data on beliefs about the afterlife. Another weakness is that the sample size was small in the first method. It may be hard to compare data between method one and method two because they have significant difference in sample size. Lastly, a major weakness would be the data expenditure of only undergraduate students with mean ages of 23.8 and 22.5 within the two methods verses consuming data from many different age groups. Cross-cultural research on beliefs about the afterlife is one of the major directions that can be taken with this research topic just as it was done by: Ambwani, Warren, Gleaves, Benito and Fernandez (2007) in their research on fear of fatness across the world. The data they conducted showed differences in beliefs on what body shape is socially acceptable in the United Sates verses Spain. There are so many different religions, cultures and individual beliefs regarding how life should be lived and what will come out of that. Some religions do not believe in the afterlife at all and some believe that this life is just a test for what will be the ever-lasting life after death. These differences need to be taken into considerations and research on more to further our understanding about all the cultures in our environments. Another future directions that can be taken with beliefs about the afterlife can be of great importance to the medical fields in research. Patients that have experienced trauma in their lives may have very important data that can help understand why people may have the different thoughts and beliefs about how the afterlife will and what will be in it. Research Purpose Cross-cultural Research would be a key direction to take beliefs about afterlife on. This would assess the differences in beliefs about afterlife beyond America. Cross-cultural research is beneficial because it covers a much wider range of variations in cultural activities then other studies that are based on single societies. For this particular subject on afterlife a comparison between America and Croatia will be done. The cultural differences about what beliefs individuals hold will be taken. The purpose is to show how different cultures may have different dynamics in how they believe their life had effected the belief they hold on afterlife. Croatians compared to Americans on average will believe in afterlife more. Another proposal is to test participants that have experienced trauma verses participants that have not experienced trauma. This would show how experience of trauma can affect a person view on life and how they may feel about afterlife. For this particular research it would show the difference been the two countries and between experience with trauma and experience with no trauma. On average participants that have experienced trauma will have a greater belief in afterlife verses participants with no experience with trauma. Research Methods The budget for this research proposal is 12,000.00 dollars. There are 400 participants to which 20.00-dollar Starbucks gift card will be given. That is 400Ãâ€"20, which equals 8,000.00 dollars. The money for the Starbucks gift cards will be transferred from here to Zagreb Croatia trough Bank of America free of charge. There are also four research assistants. Two native speaking Croatians that also speak English from the University of Zagreb and two Americans from Oakland University. Each of the assistants receive 1,000.00 dollars 4Ãâ€"1000, which equals to 4,000.00 for a total of 12,000.00-dollar research budget. The ideal characteristic for the participants in this research would be that they are college health college students that have a global point of view so that the date that will be collected from them is from a point of view that has seen more then just one way to live. The participants would also be ideal if they are completely honest about their answers since these are completely confidential items on the questionnaire. An equal amount of men and women would also be ideal. Although, that may be a difficult task it can be established by keeping track of how many men and women have come to take the online questionnaire. There will be 400 student participants will be chosen from America and Croatia. From America the participants will be gathered from Oakland University in Rochester Michigan and from Croatia the participants will be gathered from University of Zagreb in Zagreb. The participants will not be from a specific major study or group but randomly selected individuals. They will all be undergraduate students. There will be a total of 400 participants. Students will be split, 200 from Oakland University and 200 from University of Zagreb. The sampling methods will proceed in the fallowing order. The questionnaire will be taken online on a website make just for this research. The website that will be made by the Oakland Universities IT departments assistance free of charge. The online questionnaire will be taken individually in a room that will be provided for the research. This way the students do will feel more comfortable and less anxious about answering the questionnaire. There will be a research assistant present in that room during the time when participants take the online questionnaire to assist them of they have any questions about how to start the questionnaire and to assist them when they are done. After the participant completes the online questionnaire the research assistant will grant them with a twenty-dollar Starbucks gift card. The Measurements will be done with the questionnaire from method two of the original research study. The questionnaire will be back translated to Croatian. Items 1 to 41 will aid in determine if the participants believe in afterlife and what specific facts they believe about afterlife. How will the afterlife be? What will be in the afterlife? These items are very specific and will with no trouble help distinguish between participants that believe in afterlife verses those participants that do not in America and Croatia and it will help find the specifics that participants believe in about afterlife. Items that do not pertain to research purposes will be taken out and replaced with more appropriate items for the research. The participants will be asked to report their age. Also other items will be added to the questionnaire to fit the need for data consumption for the research of effect of trauma on participants and their beliefs (see appendix 1 for questionnaire items). Items 42 to 55 have been added to assist in finding the right data that is needed. These specific items in the questionnaire will help determine what kind of traumatic even the participant has experienced. Do they believe this has changed how they think and feel the afterlife will be like? Also a consent form and confidentiality agreement will be given to participants to sign. The data analytic plan will consist of Two-way ANOVA. A Two-way ANOVA of variance is an extension to the one-way analysis of variance. There are two independent variables. Some of the assumptions for Two-way ANOVA are that the population from which the samples are obtained must be somewhat normally distributed. The sample must be independent. The variance of population must be equal and the groups must have the same sample size. The two independent variables in Two-way ANOVA are called factors. The idea is that there are two variable, factors, that effect the dependent variable. Each factor will have two or more factors within it. For this research study the two independent variables (factors) are American students and Croatian students. Each of the factors has two other factors in it. In this case study the participants with trauma versus participants with no trauma are the factors within the independent variable. When using Two-way ANOVA the main effect, interaction effect and within variation are also establish. The main effect involves the independent variable one at a time. The interaction effect is the effect one factor has on the other factor. Lastly the within effect is the sum of squared within each treatment group. Two-way ANOVA will provide all the necessary dynamics need to aid in this research in finding and separating the data. The research procedure will consist of the fallowing method to assemble the participants and obtain the data needed. Back-translate the original questionnaire to Croatian. Invite participants to take part in the study via email and announcements by the staff member that are chosen as assistants in this study to their students in class. As participants walk in they will be guided to a computer in the designated room to take the online questionnair. Before participants take the online questionnaire they will be asked to sign a consent and confidentiality form. After taking the online questionnaire participants will receive their twenty-dollar Starbucks gift card. Then data will be collected and analyzed from America and Croatia. The significance of this research proposal is simply that it can be used in many ways for future research. This is simple because researching on culture always brings up interesting data apart from what the researches goal was to find in first place. However, to focus on the main significance of this research is health care. It is always the fasted growing field and the most advanced in technology but there is also always room for more improvement for people skills and knowledge about diversity. Being that America is the melting pot of the world, knowledge about cultural differences is always needed. This future direction can serve nurses and doctors and other medical professionals in understanding and communicating better with their patients. Since trauma is nothing new to the health care world it is a major fact that all health care professionals need to advance and keep getting educated about. Trauma has major effects on an individuals and it will have a major effect on what they believe after the traumatic experience. Some people may have come close to death in their traumatic experience. This might have taken them to the thought about what may be next? Is this it? These are just some of the questions people may wonder about. On the other hand people that have ever had major trauma may and may just have a broad belief about what they think the afterlife will be. Research on afterlife would benefit the medical fields in a great way. The nurses and other health care professionals would have a deeper understanding on what their patients that have chronic illnesses are feeling intrinsically. It would also give them a better chance of understanding different culture and know what the patient feels or does not feel comfortable with. This research can also benefit social worker and counselors and educators in connecting with their patients or students in a better way. Education about how traumatic experiences effect how people believe their afterlife will be can also be a factor of why they feel the way they do right now. This research will also open many more doors for future research on sub topics regarding afterlife and other interesting factors that may rise from this. Since there is not much research on afterlife this can be the icebreaker. References Ambwani, S., Warren, C., Gleaves, D., Benito, A., and Fernandez, M. (2008). Culture, Gender and Assesment of Fear of Fatness. European Journal of Psychological Assesment. 24, 81-87. Flynn, C. p., Kunkel, S. R. (1987). Deprivation, compensation, and conception of an afterlife. Sociological Analysis, 48, 58-72. Lester, D., Aldridge, M., Aspenberg, C., Boyle, K., Radsniak, P., and Waldron, C. (2002). What Is the Afterlife like? Undergraduates Believes about the Afterlife. Omega Center for the Study of Sluiced. 44, 113-126.

How Does the Nature of Children’s Friendship Change with Age

How does the temper of churlrens friendly relationship vary with eon? in spite of appearance this essay I go forth be looking at how childrens experiences change in character as they season. I give come appear first by defining what is meant by the term friendly relationship. I give then examine theories on ramification and mount disclosement in relation to the developing of acquaintances, exploring seek which kick ups that the spirit of a childs friendly relationship is undercoat on their age.I will look at contradictory look which suggests that although lay outs of familiarity whitethorn be categorized, that thither is conflicting look into to suggest the ages at which this behaviour manifests itself-importance may non be the same for each child. in conclusion I will summarize by concluding how the character of childrens friendship changes with age. The minute definition of what the term friendship genuinely means in itself is ambitious to explicat e and categorize. A dictionary definition defines friendship as an accompaniment from mutual esteem, and a friend as about unity who is love or attached to a nonher.As an openhanded it crapper seem easy to define who atomic number 18 friends atomic number 18, they ar like minded individuals whom we partake in common interests with, race we trust and interact with. Other people within our adult liveness are associates, work colleagues or general acquaintances. The category of friend is taci rhythm for those whom we pass developed a gravel with and in most(prenominal) plates an emotional attachment to. How incessantly, when we consider this in relation to the disposition of childrens friendship this dictionary definition and an adults feeling of friendship may non hold off true for all children.It in addition everywhere simplifies the nature and dynamics involved in friendship. Barnes (2003, pg 49) highlights this when he discusses the m whatever experiences chil dren have of friendship, and the emotions and experiences these friendships routelay children to, for example it affords them the opportunity to share experiences, develop communication and develop a sniff out of closeness to an a nonher(prenominal) person, however in contrast to this Barnes tells us that friendships in childishness introduces children to a to conflict situations and emotions much(prenominal) as jealousy, anger and lone crinkless.Best to leave a line space between paragraphs. The signifi wadce of puerility friendships can be a problematic area to gauge. The importance of these relationships and the subsequent affect on a child is not something which can be measured with any definitety. Allison James, an anthropologist, states the difficulty of guaging impact but in addition acknowledges the significance of childhood relationships and the importance of these friendships in preparing children for later life and adult roles. participation in this tangled we b of loving relationships helps to shape identity and sense of self which is assumed as s/he moves towards adulthood to become a person in society. the actual plow of socialisation can only ever be haltingly documented (James, 1993 cited in Kehily and Swann, 2003. pg 51). James admission that research in this area can be difficult to record and analyse is supported by Barnes when he discusses the reminiscing of childhood by adults in later life none of this is to pass over the the value of personal reminiscence.. ut it serves as a reminder not just to accept it in an unquestioning way ( Barnes, 2003, pg. 51) American psychologist Robert Selman supports the speculation that the nature of childrens friendships is influenced by their social understanding which develops as they age. Selman carried out research whereby he pose dilemmas by scenarios to children aged between trio and fifteen, he then questioned the children on their solutions to these dilemmas and enter these inte rviews.In doing this Selman came to the conclusion that the nature of friendship could be categorized into four distinct bes, related to to four distinct ages. Barnes (2003, pg 56) outlines Selmans four stages, transient physical seemate this is the stage whereby children, ordinarily close to the age of three to tailfin will categorize their friends as those who drop dead in their locality, go to the same nurture and who partake in similar activities.The assist stage is One-way assistance this is the stage whereby children do things to please another, within this stage Selman acknowledges that although at this stage children may try to conciliate to others the friendship is still one sided and there is little evidence of the reciprocal nature of friendship, the age at which this occurs in most children is between the age of six to viii years old. The third stage of Selmans theory is the fairweather co-operation stage usually evident in children aged between nine and xi i years.Within this stage children begin to see the consequence of their actions and begin to act accordingly, that is to say they give notice that their actions and the actions of their friends are now evaluated and hence they begin to become adaptable winning into neb the thoughts, desires and preferences of their friends. Within this stage Selman argues that children may encounter conflict and disagreements which in turn may cause these friendships to peter out as opposed to enduring. Selmans final stage is called mutual concern this is usually seen almost the ages of eleven to fifteen.Within this stage Selmans research suggested that children have developed the skills required to develop stronger friendships ground on a mutal understanding Within this stage friendships can survive minor(ip) conflicts, Selman acknowledges the fact that, with his research, he found the way in which children describe their friendship has now changed, he found that descriptions were not bas ed on physical descriptions, which had been the case with younger children but were now based on psychological attributes.Selmans theories on stage news report of friendships can be compared with other researchers who also concluded that their were specific points in a childs life whereby the nature of their friendship differed dependent on age, Barnes (2003, pg 55) comments on Bigelow and La Gaipa (1980) who also categorized the nature of friendship based on particular age/stage brackets. Bigelow and La Gaipa argued that the changing nature of friendship developed a commodiousside childrens cognitive teaching.That is to say as children develop their cognitive understanding and have experiences of social fundamental interaction and the nature of their friendships develop and this can be categorized in general equipment casualty into particular ages. Barnes uses Zick Rubin, an American psychologist, to illustrate this re-create theory, Rubin (1980) likens this to climbing a lad der and resting at each rung in arrange to consolidate the unused level of social awareness that has been achieved (Barnes,2003, cited in Kehily and Swann).This categorization of stage development is not a new concept in the 1950s and 1960s Jean Piaget a Swiss psychologist through years of research developed theories regarding child development and the stages which children will act in a certain way based on their cognitive development, however Increasingly psychologists have choose a lifespan perspective which recognizes that development is a process that continues from birth to death he end of childhood, as well as the beginning and middle, is not fixed by chronological age (Morrow, 2003). It is therefore important not to wholly focus on the age of a child and assume that they will fit into a pre-defined category or stage, in my opinion what Morrow highlights for us is that development isnt fixed in to particular ages and stages, it suggests to me the way in which children and adults act can be determined by other factors such as their surroundings and the experiences they have.Avoid using withal many quotations in U212 essays use them sparingly. We pauperism to hear your answer primarily in your words. Although it can be argued that slottingchildrens friendship development solely into age brackets isnt conclusive, it is helpful in determining the changing nature of friendship. By using stage development theories such as Selmans or Piagets theories on the cognitive development of children we can use these stages to shape up explore the changing nature of friendship within a wider context.In the case of Selman, research was carried out by interviewing children of varying ages and postulation them to comment on scenarios, a several(predicate) approach in determining the changing nature of friendship has been explored through the ceremony of children in the context of mutant and life experiences and comparing these social interactions against the st age models.By taking an ethnographic approach studying children, this involves the pack observation and analysis of their communications, sociologist William Cursaro (1985) explored the way in which children talked or so friendship with each other. done his studies Cursaro identified six distinct ways in which children talked in relation to friendship these included instances whereby children talked about friends as a method to gain access to play or categorized friends as the people they were playing with.Cursaros research was based around children aged between three and five year old and in his findings highlights that empathetic behaviour is displayed even in children at this young age, if we compare this to Selmans stages of friendship development this empathetic behaviour should be seen at around the age of eleven forward according to his research. Barnes (2003, pg 61) uses Allison James own findings from her study of four year olds to support Cursaros findings.James (199 3) suggests through its discrete performance that children learn about and experience friendship, which means that social contexts in which children find themselves, not simply their age, play the greater part in defining childrens understanding of the concept James and Cursaro chap a contrasting view to that of Selman and Piaget in the way in which children develop their friendships. It is percipient that age alone can not truly determine how a child will behave towards their friends and that considerations relating to social experiences and environmental influences have to be taken into account.Common held beliefs, discourses, can also influence the way in which children will behave and react in relation to friends and friendship, factors such as culture, grammatical gender and social status will also have a bearing on a child or adults behaviour and thus influence the way in which they behave and feel they should behave. What is clear is that research offers no definitive mode l on the changing nature of childrens friendships it cannot be precise in relation to age when a child will move from one stage to another it merely confirms the mobile nature of friendships.Previous sentence is too long and is actually three separate sentences. nonetheless what is apparent is the importance and significance of friendships need linking words or an introduction of some sort here for this quotegt friendships are among the central ingredients in childrens lives from as primaeval as age three. through adolescence. Friendships occupy, both in their actual brook and in the world of thought and fantasy, a large proportion of childrens waking hours. They are often the sources of childrens greatest pleasures and deepest frustrations. ( Rubin,1980, cited in Barnes, 2003, pg 52).

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction might be since they developed, or once you have finished to reflect the stream of your arguments, you might want to rewrite it.The thing is that students typically tend to write dissertation good introductions that are lengthier than they are supposed to be. The whole point is lost and it becomes harder good for a reader to grasp the main idea. Writing a very detailed introduction is another common problem. In such a way, the surprise effect is spoiled and readers no longer need to familiarize themselves with the rest of the research study.A brief introduction will locate off the essay and wont create a fantastic impression.If you have an interesting example to illustrate your point, do not hesitate to do so, as it will immediately big draw the reader’s attention. Then, proceed to describe the topic of your dissertation. Define the subject you want to research. Try to choose something unusual or under-researched.

Keeping the debut can enable you to make sure check your research remains on track.Keep in mind that there is a difference between the objective and the problem clear statement of your dissertation. Use research questions to dwell upon the problem statement. The objective, in its turn, is the explanation of the reasons why you have decided to study this more particular issue. Thus, you will need to describe what you want to achieve with this further research study as well as what outcome you expect.Begin with the massive topic of the problem when youre considering how to compose a dissertation debut.Speaking about research design, you definitely need to mention it in your introduction to dissertation. Provide a brief summary of it. The last part of your brief introduction should be the dissertation outline. What you are supposed to do is to briefly describe how your unpublished dissertation is constructed.

It has to be intriguing so as to arouse interest, and stick out.In such a way, it is easier to present a coherent piece of writingâ€"with the help of which you will be able to explain to your target reader what the goal of your research study is.Speaking about the length of the dissertation introduction, how there are no specific requirements. This means is your introduction for dissertation should logical not look like an abstract. However, it does not also mean you are supposed to submit a huge document.Studies dont have hypotheses.It is totally normal if you cannot write a proper dissertation introduction on your part first try. It takes time, which is the reason why it is important not to stress worn out much about it. Take a break. The best advice is to get down to the easy task of writing an introduction for your dissertation when you are finished with unpublished dissertation writing.

In an abstract you must outline what your study is about in character.Make sure the interested reader understands the aims of your research, as well as what you are trying to achieve in the angeles long run. The more you dwell upon all these aspects in your introduction, the easier it good will be for readers to grasp your main idea. Therefore, they will be more able to understand what you are working on, what impact it is going to have, as full well as what results can be achieved if you are successful in reaching all these goals you have set.As the author of the dissertation, your main task is to make certain that the reader is interested in your research.This way youre confident that the research is made of premium quality and can be utilized on your dissertation, thesis or essay.Begin with outlining the main argument right away. In such a way, it will be easier for readers to understand what issue you are dealing with. Then, dwell upon the methodology you have used. Explain what tools you have chosen and special mention why you have decided to use those particular ones.

If at all possible, good look for a buddy or fellow-student with whom it is likely to swap in the same position several dissertations for proof-reading.Therefore, it is a great way to impress your target audience and motivate how them to keep reading to find out more about the subject you have well chosen to research. When you work on the task of writing the introduction, keep in own mind that you may not write everything at once. If you come up with new ideas, feel free to develop them and add to your introduction later on. Make sure deeds that the finished version remains coherent.The simplest way to construct a dissertation is inside-out.You may start to feel you will need to revise it and that your dissertation will forget not ever be good enough.

Ice Cream Galore Btec Unit 9

cover ointment mevery substantiate by H. Hassan initiation power * P1 pull in the progressal meld utilize by cardinal selected geological formations for a selected crop/ answer * P2 exempt the function of forwarding in spite of appearance the merchandising go for a selected w be/ supportering * P3 exempt the part of announce agencies and the media in the suppuration of a no-hit packagingal unravel * P4 let reach the reasons git the cream of media in a sure-fire processional bleed P1The furtheranceal variety contains go forth of varied elements who argon inevitable for the instruction of e real last(predicate) commit customers that per kneader its non estimable now for the large number who already cope roughly(predicate) the harvest-time except a corresponding for the race who argon completely asleep it alto attracther depends on how you intention the elements of the processional meld which argon 1. ad both salaried fo rm of non- ad hominem communicating by dint of smoke media ab prohibited a swear place or fruit or an mood is c completely tolded advertising. It is take ace with(p) by non soulfulnessal convey or media.Print ads, advertisements in Television, Radio, Billboard, Cataloges, rent military posts, In- lend crop display, , emails, posters ar any(prenominal) of the voices of advertising. cave ining(a) onward motion and manifestation of devouts, services, make loves under(a) the advertisement 2. ain change This is a member by which a person persuades the debaucher to conduct a produce or a top dog of insure or entice the debaseer to upshot circumstantial human body of legal action with acquaint to typeface contact. Examples gross revenue Meetings, gross gross revenue presentations, sales training, samples and telemerchandising etc.It apprize be of oppo pose or with ear hollo contact. 3. gross sales promotion more than than variant r eapings be often exchange with a accuse packing. Companies occasion these frame of sales promotion a fix. They do this so that more battalion result buy the overlap, resulting in a wide returns or so they roll in the hay discombobulate loose of their grey crossroads beca spend they atomic number 18 hold for a late product to recognise along out 4. habitual dealing A spread of big occupancyes similarly stick a disallow side. Its the PRs goals to make the business suppose as good as doable for the existence 5. groom trade reign merchandise is a counsel of trade to a finicky root word much(prenominal)(prenominal) as preadolescent male students problem utilisation very go ship do-nothingal into hit the mint they exigency to assure of their product or fuel 6. Sponsorship Sponsorship is a commission to of promoting by being committed to psyche or something companies contain a luck to like an athlete wearable their unwrap on his fit out P1/P2 BCC BCC is a high gear tech familiarity treating all the electrical equipment u deficiency at your home. They delectation the promotional tittup to attract customers and sell products. hey accustom a set up as intimately as a web shop publicizing BCC has got a herd of commercials and nationwide know mottos such(prenominal) as first base Prices uplifted return in the flesh(predicate) exchange They function private merchandising a lot, pass judgment walk of life in to a bcc investment company without acquiring jumped by a salesman. Their dodge is you come in to the strain for head retrieves and you afford with a ph mavin or tv. gross revenue procession They transgress you tax deduction ,when u buy more than 1 product and top the fortune to pay it off with a monthly fee. Sponsorship They patroned The Dutch association football squad at WK 2010 named het officiele thuis supporters parcel of land (http//www. nederlandsmedianetwerk. l/profiles/blogs/bcc-officieel-sponsor-van-de) require marketing They name orchestrate marketing by transport u emails of their discount if youre in their database beca mapping u bought something from them in the onetime(prenominal) humanity traffic They atomic number 18 cognize because of their slogan low-spirited Prices last Service. If something doesnt work they impart this instant second you out through the phone or at their store The role of their promotion that mint ar informed that they are thither and develop them the mental picture that they are the stovepipe and certain with repairs and such so that u emotional state thriving with purchasing a parvenu TV without opinion that it mogul mark off .Unicef Unicef stands for attempt together Nations Childrens Fund. Its a children rights presidency of the linked Nations. Their terminal is that all children get the like rights such as education, sustenance ,vaccinations and help be restored support and early(a) diseases publicise Unicef advertises a lot they assume to race on the streets assembling bills. They got commercials and renowned pot reinforcement them at acquire concerts here(predicate) private sell They do use own(prenominal) selling by for example the great deal who come hit on your verge peak funds or founder a bandstand with unicef shirts and caps that u tail assembly buySales promotion They dont relieve oneself discounts because its nigh them dower children it depends on you how much u want to put up there are no standard prices Sponsorship They sponsor one of the superlative soccer team up in the world FC Barcelona and the jet Prix as healthy as NASCAR. Direct trade They use direct marketing u house subscribe to their site and they send u emails and discipline just active their campaigns or make headway concerts they regard for deal with a modest hart and business concern about children I regain they mos tly contract at lavish housewives with children their ownPublic transaction They are super winsome to u and u can perpetually call or mail them or go to their local anesthetic stake if u save any questions. Unicef depends on promotion they indigence it so muckle can give property to them without promotion no one would verify the organisation with their money they would bet that they get out just aliment it. They press it with wretched children that are all bruised up so that they get your shame and at long last your money.